Plant Structure Flashcards by Juno H

Draw plant and label main parts

N/A

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Define tap roots

Main shoot with root hairs. Mainly dicots

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Give an example of a plant with tap roots

Dandelions

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Define fibrous roots

A group of equal sized roots.

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Draw a diagram showing tap roots

N/A

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Give an example of fibrous roots

Grass

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Define adventitious roots

Do not develop from the radical

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Give an example of adventitious roots

Roots from an onion

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Draw fibrous roots

N/A

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What are the functions of the roots?

Anchor
Absorb water and minerals
Store food

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Draw LS of root and label zones and parts

N/A

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Explain the function of each zone in the LS of a root

Zone of protection: Protects root cells

Zone of cell production/meristematic: Region of growth by mitosis.

Zone of elongation: Cells grow long by using growth regulators (auxins)

Zone of differentiation: Cells develop into:
- Dermal tissue - Protects the plant
- Ground tissue - found between dermal and vascular
- Vascular tissue - Transports material by xylem and phloem

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Where are apical meristems found?

Tip of root and shoot

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What does TS stand for?

Transverse section

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What does LS stand for?

Longitudinal section

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Define herbaceous

Does not contain wood (lignin)

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Define woody

Contains wood (lignin)

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Define node

The point at which the leaf emerges from the stem

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Define internode

The region between two nodes

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Define axil

Angle between leaf and stem

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Define lenticel

Opening for gas exchange in the stems of plants such as trees and scrubs

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Explain the significance of the apical bud

Produces the following year’s growth - apical growth. Location of meristem

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Functions of the stem

Support the aerial parts of the plant
Transport water and minerals - xylem
Transport food - phloem
May store food e.g. potato

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Define petiole

Stalk of the leaf

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Define blade

Lamina - flattened thin leaf

Define midrib

Petiole continues through the leaf. Veins emerge from the midrib

Define parallel venation

Veins run alongside each other

Give an example of a plant with parallel venation

Grass, lily

Define net/reticulate venation

Branching network

Give an example of a plant with net/reticulate venation

Buttercup

Distinguish between monocot and dicot

**Monocotyledon:** * One seed leaf/embryonic seed leaf * One cotyledon (food store) * Veins parallel (leaf) * Vascular bundles are scattered * Petals in multiples of three * Mostly herbaceous **Dicotyledon:** * Two seed leaves * Two cotyledons * Veins netted/reticulate (leaf) * Vascular bundles in ring (TS) * Petals in multiples of five/four * Herbaceous/woody

Give an example of a monocot

Grass, lily

Give an example of a dicot

Sunflower, rose, geranium, buttercup

Draw and label a diagram of leaf structure

N/A

Function of cotyledon

Stores food

Define cotyledon

Seed leaf

Functions of leaf

* Make food (photosynthesis) * Gas exchange in the stomata (underside) * Transpiration (loss of water from surface of leaf) * Store food

Function of dermal tissue

Protection. Waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

Function of ground tissue

Photosynthesis, storage of food and waste, strength and support

Distinguish between the two different types of vascular tissue

**Xylem:** * Non-living * Lignin (hard and strong - gives strength - prevents xylem collapsing inward) * Transports water and minerals * Located on inside of vascular bundles **Phloem:** * Living (due to nucleus) - companion cell * No lignin * Transports food (translocation) * Located on outside of vascular bundles

Function of lignin

Hard and strong - gives strength - prevents xylem collapsing inward

Name the two main cells that make up xylem

Tracheids and vessels

Describe tracheids

* Thick, long, tapered, hollow * Dead * Overlap

Draw a diagram of tracheids

Describe xylem vessels

* Continuous tube structure * Joined end-to-end (no end walls) * Have pits * Thick walls * Hollow and dead

Are vessels or tracheids more efficient?

Vessels

What are the two main components that make up phloem?

Sieve tubes and companion cells

Draw diagram of xylem vessels

Describe sieve tubes

* Long, tubular * Joined end to end (continuous tube) * End walls are called sieve plates which have pores

Draw a TS of phloem

N/A

Describe companion cells

* Accompany each sieve tube element * Nucleus present and cytoplasm * Controls activity of phloem

Draw an LS of phloem

N/A

Draw TS of a root

N/A

How can roots be distinguished from stems?

* Root hairs present * Vascular tissue is not in bundles its running up the middle

Draw a TS of a dicot stem

N/A

Draw an LS of a dicot stem

Are monocots mainly herbaceous, woody or both

Herabaceous

Are dicots mainly herbaceous, woody or both

Both

What are the cells called that form sieve tubes

Sieve tube elements

What are the end walls of sieve tubes called

Sieve plates

Which type of vascular tissue contains lignin?

Xylem

Draw and label a TS of a leaf

N/A

Outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem

* The plant used is a herbaceous plant such as a busy Lizzy or sunflower * Cut between two nodes using a scalpel/backed blade * Wet the blade * Cut thin sections of the stem * Cut sections at right angle * Store cuttings in water * Transfer to a slide * Add a few drops of water and a coverslip at an angle * Observe under low power working up to higher power * Tissues can be stained used iodine

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why was a herbaceous plant used?

Easier to cut than a woody plant

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why was the blade wet?

To reduce friction

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why did you cut away from yourself?

To prevent injury

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why were sections cut at a right angle?

So they were thinner

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why were cuttings stored in water?

To prevent them drying

In your experiment to outline how to prepare and examine a TS of a dicot stem, why are tissues stained

It stains the starch

Are fibrous roots mainly monocots or dicots?

Monocots

Adaption of palisade mesophyll and reason for it

More chlorophyll for more photosynthesis

Adaption of spongy mesophyll and reason for it

Many air spaces for diffusion of gases

Plant Structure Flashcards

(72 cards)