Diuretics

Question 1

Hydrochlorothiazide

Answer 1

Thiazide Diuretic

MOA:

•inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the distal tubule

Therapeutic Uses:

• hypertension
• heart failure

*diabetes insipidus

•kidney stones due to hypercalciuria

Side Effects:

• hypokalemia
• hyponatremia
• hyperglycemia
• hyperuricemia
• metabolic alkalosis

Question 2

Chlorthalidone

Answer 2

Thiazide Diuretic

MOA:

•inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the distal tubule

Therapeutic Uses:

• hypertension
• heart failure

*diabetes insipidus

•kidney stones due to hypercalciuria

Side Effects:

• hypokalemia
• hyponatremia
• hyperglycemia
• hyperuricemia
• metabolic alkalosis

Question 3

Furosemide

Answer 3

Loop Diuretic

MOA:

•block Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the ascending Loop of Henle

Therapeutic Uses:

• hypertension
• acute renal failure
• hyperkalemia
• treatment of edema
• hypercalcemia

Side Effects:

• hypokalemia
• hyponatremia
• hyperglycemia
• hyperuricemia
• metabolic alkalosis
• ototoxicity

Question 4

Spironolactone

Answer 4

K+ Sparing Diuretic

MOA:

•blocks aldosterone receptors –> no Na+ retention

Therapeutic Uses:

• heart failure
• cirrhosis
• primary hypoaldosteronism

Side Effects:

• gynecomastia
• hyperkalemia

Question 5

Eplerenone

Answer 5

K+ Sparing Diuretic

MOA:

•blocks aldosterone receptors –> no Na+ retention

Therapeutic Uses:

• heart failure
• cirrhosis
• primary hypoaldosteronism

Side Effects:

• gynecomastia
• hyperkalemia

Question 6

Amiloride

Answer 6

K+ Sparing Diuretic

MOA:

•blocks Na+ channels in distal tubule and collecting duct, inhibits Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

Therapeutic Uses:

•often combined with thiazides for hypertension (prevention of hypokalemia)

Side Effects:

•hyperkalemia

Question 7

Triamterene

Answer 7

K+ Sparing Diuretic

MOA:

•blocks Na+ channels in distal tubule and collecting duct, inhibits Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

Therapeutic Uses:

•often combined with thiazides for hypertension (prevention of hypokalemia)

Side Effects:

•hyperkalemia

Question 8

Acetazolamide

Answer 8

MOA:

• carbonic anyhdrase inhibitor
• increases NaHCO₃ excretion

Therapeutic Uses:

• metabolic alkalosis
• treatment of glaucoma
• mountain sickness
• alkalinization of the urine

Side Effects:

• metabolic acidosis
• urinary tract calcium phosphate stones

Question 9

Mannitol

Answer 9

MOA:

• osmotic diuretic
• increases electrolyte excretion

Therapeutic Uses:

• cerebral edema
• acute glaucoma

Side Effects:

• occasional pulmonary edema or heart failure
• serum electrolyte imbalances

Question 10

Metolazone

Answer 10

Thiazide Diuretic

MOA:

•inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the distal tubule

Therapeutic Uses:

• hypertension
• heart failure

*diabetes insipidus

•kidney stones due to hypercalciuria

Side Effects:

• hypokalemia
• hyponatremia
• hyperglycemia
• hyperuricemia
• metabolic alkalosis