dosing

Question 1

dosing questions

Answer 1

howmuch, how often, how long

Question 2

for chonic basis, dosing is

Answer 2

100 mg every 8 hours

Question 3

for 10 day dosing

Answer 3

800 mg every 8 hours

Question 4

how is stready state reached

Answer 4

multiple dosing

Question 5

therapeutic range

Answer 5

optimal therapy

Question 6

theraputic index (TI)

Answer 6

min toxic concentraion/ minimum therapeutic concentration

Question 7

adverse drug reactions can be (4 ex)

Answer 7

-quick infusion
-GI distress
-irritation to skin
-bad mouth taste

Question 8

Accumulation factor=

Answer 8

AF = 1/(1 – e –KT) = 1/(1 – e –(0.693/T1/2)T)

Question 9

formulation considerations for oral release factors

Answer 9

-immediate, controlled, delayed, prodrug

Question 10

clinical facors

Answer 10

inherit person to person varability
disease
age and weight
drug drug interactions

Question 11

local effect examples

Answer 11

eye drops, antibiotic, ear drops, etc

Question 12

systemic effect drugs

Answer 12

administered via a route to produce therapeutic blood levels

Question 13

varation in response to a drug is due to

Answer 13

-pharamcodynamics
differences in receptor number and structure, receptor-coupling mechanisms and
physiological changes in target organs resulting from differences in genetics, age and health

Question 14

varation can be influenced by

Answer 14

-pharacogenetics
-altered responsiveness in drug targets (e.g. receptor function) or altered drug handling (e.g.
enzyme activity)
-idenfity who will respond well/suffer

Question 15

varation can be caused in drug by

Answer 15

pharacokinetics
-many reasons why the absorption, metabolism and excretion of drugs might vary

Question 16

disease that can affect dosing

Answer 16

-GI tract (chrons disease)
-disease effectind drug elimation (renal failure and hepatic disease)
-affecting cirucation (congestive heart failure)

Question 17

it takes __ half lives for first dose to go away

Answer 17

4-5

Question 18

very short 1/2 life (<20 min) with a therapeutic index of MED to HIGH comments and examples

Answer 18

-constant rate administration/ short term therapy
-nitroglycerin

Question 19

very short 1/2 life (<20 min) with LOW therapeutic index comments and example

Answer 19

-not a candidate expect when controlled infusion
-nitroprusside

Question 20

short 1/2 life (20 min- 3 hr) with therapeutic index from MED to HIGH comments and examples

Answer 20

-to given less often every 3 1/2 lives, drug must be HIGH teraputic index
-penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 21

short 1/2 life (20 min- 3 hr) with therapeutic index thats LOW comments and examples

Answer 21

-only by infusion
-lidocaine

Question 22

indermediate 1/2 life (3-8 hr) MED to HIGH therapeutic index comments to example

Answer 22

-common and desireable regimen
-tetracycline

Question 23

indermediate 1/2 life (3-8 hr) LOW therapeutic index comments and example

Answer 23

-requires 3-6 doses per day but less frequent with controlled formulation
-theophylline

Question 24

long half life (8-24 hour) therapeutic index MED to HIGH comments and examples

Answer 24

-desirable and common regimen
-sulfamethoxazole

Question 25

long half life (8-24 hour) therapeutic index LOW comments and example

Answer 25

-very common and desirable regimen -clonidine

Question 26

very long half life (>24 hour) therapeutic index MED to HIGH comments and examples

Answer 26

-once daily is practical, occasionally given once a week -chloroquine

Question 27

very long half life (>24 hour) therapeutic index LOW comments and examples

Answer 27

requires careful control -digoxin