Early Sport Specialization

Question 1

PRINT LTAD

Answer 1

**

Question 2

Pros of LTAD:

Answer 2

• good goals
• framework
• consistency

Question 3

Cons of LTAD:

Answer 3

• focused on physiology and motor skills
• doesn’t take psychological needs into account
• little evidence to support
• may endorse overtraining/early specialization
• focuses on skill development in the younger years only

Question 4

DMSP stands for:

Answer 4

Developmental Model of Sport Participation

Question 5

Deliberate play:

Answer 5

• informal sport games
• enjoyment
• intrinsic motivation
• similar to active play

Question 6

Deliberate practice:

Answer 6

• highly structured
• skill development
• involves effort
• performance
• extrinsic motivation

Question 7

Deliberate play is done…

Answer 7

for its own sake

Question 8

Deliberate practice is done…

Answer 8

to achieve a future goal

Question 9

In deliberate play, interest is…

Answer 9

on the behaviour

Question 10

In deliberate play, interest is…

Answer 10

in outcome of the behaviour

Question 11

Deliberate play is ____ enjoyable.

Answer 11

very

Question 12

Deliberate practice is _____ enjoyable.

Answer 12

not

Question 13

Deliberate play is ____ quality.

Answer 13

pretend

Question 14

Deliberate practice is carried out _____.

Answer 14

seriously

Question 15

Deliberate play has _____.

Answer 15

flexibility

Question 16

Deliberate practice has ____ _____.

Answer 16

explicit rules

Question 17

In deliberate play, adult involvement ____ required.

Answer 17

not

Question 18

In deliberate practice, adult involvement _____ required.

Answer 18

often

Question 19

Triangle model for recreational participation through sampling:

Answer 19

• ages 6-12: sampling years

- ages 12+: recreational years

Question 20

Triangle model for elite performance through sampling:

Answer 20

• ages 6-12: sampling years
• ages 13-15: specializing years
• ages 16+: investment years

Question 21

Triangle model for elite performance through early specialization:

Answer 21

early specialization

Question 22

Recreational participation through sampling includes:

Answer 22

• wide variety of activities
• high levels of deliberate play
• low levels of deliberate practice
• sampling many different activities
• more focus on fun than specific skill development
• enjoyment, health > competition, performance

Question 23

Elite performance through sampling includes:

Answer 23

• high levels of deliberate play in various activities
• over time, amount of play decreases, amount of practice increases (at age 13 they are equal)
• engage in fewer activities as they get older
• investment years: pick 1 activity to focus on performance in this

Question 24

Elite performance through early specialization includes:

Answer 24

• focus on 1 sport
• large number of deliberate practice activities
• starts as early as 6-7

Question 25

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the first?

Answer 25

participation in intensive training and/or competition in organized sports greater than 8 months per year (essentially year round)

Question 26

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the second?

Answer 26

participation in one sport to the exclusion of participation in other sports (limited free play overall)

Question 27

Early sport specialization is defined using 3 criteria. What is the third?

Answer 27

involving prepubertal (seventh grade or roughly age 12 years and younger) children

Question 28

Probable outcomes of recreational participation through sampling:

Answer 28

- recreational participation - enhanced physical health - enhanced psycho-social development

Question 29

Probable outcomes of elite performance through sampling:

Answer 29

- elite performance - enhanced physical health - enhanced enjoyment of sport

Question 30

Short term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:

Answer 30

- elite performance - reduced physical health (more likely to have overuse injuries) - reduced enjoyment - burnout - dropout - lower unstructured free play

Question 31

Long term probable outcomes of elite performance through early specialization:

Answer 31

decreased sport participation as adults

Question 32

Why has there been an increase in early sport specialization over the last few decades?

Answer 32

- sports is more popular - parents pushing kids - status comes with being a good athlete or having a kid that is a good athlete - on the podium (building athletes to make the olympics) - everyone looks up to pro sports (money, fame) - media coverage - belief that early sport specialization and deliberate practice will lead to elite performance - professionalization of youth sport and shift towards extrinsic goals

Question 33

ISSP 7 postulates: 1. Early diversification (sampling) does not hinder elite sport participation in sports where...

Answer 33

peak performance is reached after maturation

Question 34

ISSP 7 postulates: 2. Early diversification (sampling) is linked to ....

Answer 34

a longer sport career and had positive implications for long-term sport involvement

Question 35

ISSP 7 postulates: 3. Early diversification (sampling) allows participation in a range of contexts that most favourably affect _____ _____ ______.

Answer 35

PYD

Question 36

ISSP 7 postulates: 4. High amounts of _____ play during the sampling years build a solid foundation of _____ _____ through involvement in activities that are ______ and promote _____ ______.

Answer 36

- deliberate - intrinsic motivation - enjoyable - intrinsic regulation

Question 37

ISSP 7 postulates: 5. High amounts of ______ play during the sampling years establishes a range of _____ and ______ experiences that children can ultimately bring to their _____ _____ of interest.

Answer 37

- deliberate - motor - cognitive - principal sport

Question 38

ISSP 7 postulates: 6. Around the end of primary school, children have the opportunity to either choose ...

Answer 38

to specialize in their favourite sport or to continue in a sport at a recreational level

Question 39

ISSP 7 postulates: 7. Late adolescents have developed the _____, _____, ____, _____, and ____ skills needed to invest their effort into _____ _____ training in ______ sport.

Answer 39

- physical - cognitive - social - emotional - motor - highly specialized - one

Question 40

When might early specialization not result in negative consequences, such as burnout?

Answer 40

- having a choice is important - making sure people in environment are supportive - in sports where peak comes early (ex. gymnastics)

Question 41

Is early specialization in swimming related to burn out and drop out?

Answer 41

- no markers of early specialization were related to burn out - swim training volume and total years of swimming more than 8 months/year were positively related to intentions to continue swimming

Question 42

Cairney et al. (2018) examined whether participation in _____ sport and PA were longitudinally associated with decreased or increased _______ _____ ____ ____ across middle childhood (grade 5) to adolescence (grade 8) in Ontario.

Answer 42

- organized | - discretionary active free play

Question 43

Finding from Cairney et al. (2018):

Answer 43

children and youth who participate more in organized sport and PA also report participation in more discretionary active play

Question 44

Selection effect:

Answer 44

those who naturally like to be active will find ways to be active

Question 45

Gateway effect:

Answer 45

those who are involved in sport can facilitate confidence etc that help their discretionary play

Question 46

Cairney et al. (2018) provides evidence for ...

Answer 46

the value of participation in multiple sports

Question 47

Over scheduling hypothesis:

Answer 47

kids in too much sport won't have time for active play

Question 48

Limitations of Cairney et al. (2018):

Answer 48

- self report measures | - just looking at number of sports, not amount of time

Question 49

To support athletic competition and long-term health, experts recommend ____ _____ _____ before < or equal to ___ years old.

Answer 49

- early sport sampling | - 12 years old

Question 50

Early sport specialization often leads to reduced _____ and ______ health of athletes as well as _____ _____ ______ in adulthood.

Answer 50

- physical - mental - lower sport participation

Question 51

Whether early sport specialization leads to ____ ____, ____ ____, or less _____ ____ ____ ____ is unclear.

Answer 51

- burn out - drop out - unstructured active free play