Endo

Question 1

3 gram negative bacteria commonly found in primary endo infections

Answer 1

P.gingivalis
P. intermedia
F. nucleatum

Question 2

What is the order of preferred solutions for storing an avulsed tooth?

Answer 2

1. Pasteurized milk
2. Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
3. Saline
4. Saliva

Question 3

How quickly should an avulsed tooth be re-implanted?

Answer 3

Within 30 minutes

Within 15 minutes has the most favorable prognosis

Question 4

What are the ingredients in gutta percha?

Answer 4

Zinc oxide - 75%

Rubber - 20%

Binders, opaquers, and coloring agents - 5%

Question 5

the process of ongoing formation of the root in an immature, vital tooth

Answer 5

Apexogenesis

Question 6

_____ is indicated when caries is intentionally left between the prep and the pulp chamber to prevent pulpal exposure in a tooth with a vital pulp.

Answer 6

Indirect pulp cap

Question 7

Which is the main cation present in mineral trioxide aggregate?

Answer 7

Calcium

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a promising tricalcium silicate cement used in pulp capping, root end filling, canal obturation, and root perforation repair, among other applications.

Question 8

___ assesses the blood supply to a tooth

Answer 8

vitality testing

Question 9

pulp ___ measures the nerve supply of a tooth

Answer 9

sensibility

Question 10

2 examples of pulpal vitality tests

Answer 10

laser doppler flowmetry (best option)

pulse oximetry

Question 11

____ is the most accurate test in determining pulp vitality

Answer 11

Laser doppler flowmetry

involves passing light through the tooth into the pulp using a probe. The received output signal is then measured to determine the vitality of the pulp.

Question 12

2 examples of pulp sensibility tests

Answer 12

Thermal heat test

Thermal cold test

Question 13

What is the primary bacteria strongly associated with failed endodontic treatment?

Answer 13

Enterococcus faecalis

Question 14

____ is defined by an inflamed state of the pulp caused by caries or trauma, yet it will yield normal thermal testing results

Answer 14

Asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis

Question 15

Which type of resorption exhibits blunted roots?

Answer 15

External root resorption

Question 16

Teeth reimplanted after ___ hours face a poor prognosis and are prone to ___, the most common cause of failure post-avulsion.

Answer 16

2 hours

external root resorption

Question 17

_____ is used to extend the life of a developing tooth’s root, and is commonly used in response to trauma or extensive caries in a child’s permanent dental arch

Answer 17

Apexogenesis

Question 18

Examples of apexogenesis procedures

Answer 18

pulpotomies
indirect pulp caps
direct pulp caps

Question 19

For mandibular molars, the most suitable access preparation shape is ____

Answer 19

trapezoidal

mandibular molars are more square/rectangular-shaped due to them only having 2 roots, so their access preps will be somewhat square/rectangular

Question 20

For maxillary molars, the most suitable access preparation shape is ____

Answer 20

rhomboidal

maxillary molars are more triangular-shaped due to them having 3 roots and an oblique ridge, so their access preps will be somewhat triangular.

Question 21

For premolars and canines, the most suitable access preparation shape is ____

Answer 21

ovoid

Question 22

For incisors, the most suitable access preparation shape is ____

Answer 22

Maxillary centrals - triangular
All others - ovoid

Maxillary is triangular due to the presence of a wide crown and a cingulum

Question 23

What is the most likely complication of non-vital bleaching?

Answer 23

Cervical root resorption

Question 24

What is the most definitive way to confirm a diagnosis of necrotic pulp?

Answer 24

Test cavity

Question 25

Which bacteria dominate the microbiota in primary endodontic infections?

Answer 25

Obligate anaerobes

Question 26

Which tooth is most vulnerable to perforation?

Answer 26

Maxillary 1st premolar due to its mesial concavity

Question 27

Calcium Hydroxide pH

Answer 27

12.5 (very basic)

Question 28

2 primary ingredients of MTA

Answer 28

Phosphate and calcium oxide

Question 29

How thick should protective liners be? What is the preferred materials?

Answer 29

Minimum of 0.2 - 1.0 mm Calcium hydroxide

Question 30

What material is used directly on the exposed pulp during direct pulp cap?

Answer 30

Calcium hydroxide (then a layer of RMGI on top of the CaOH, then the final restoration such as composite) *this is the same process as an indirect pulp cap*

Question 31

How much pulp is typically removed during a partial pulpotomy? What hemostasis method should be used?

Answer 31

1-3mm (or more if necessary) Irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or Chlorhexidine

Question 32

What is the main purpose of a complete pulpotomy?

Answer 32

Temporary pain relief

Question 33

What is the goal of apexogenesis?

Answer 33

To preserve pulp vitality and permit continued root development and apical closure of YOUNG IMMATURE teeth whose roots have not yet fully developed. *The process is basically a pulpotomy*

Question 34

What is the purpose of a pulpectomy?

Answer 34

It's an ***interim*** non-vital pulp treatment performed before a full RCT can be accomplished ***You basically do a root canal, except you obturate the canal with Calcium Hydroxide instead of gutta percha***

Question 35

What is the purpose of apexification?

Answer 35

It is performed to stimulate the formation of calcified tissue at at the open apex of pulpless teeth. This is essentially the same thing as doing a RCT except the apical few mm of the canal is filled with CaOH or MTA to make a "plug", then gutta percha is placed on top of that, then the tooth is restored.

Question 36

For any endo treatment, which 2 materials should usually be placed directly on top of exposed pulp?

Answer 36

CaOH or MTA

Question 37

To diagnose root fractures, which radiographs should be taken?

Answer 37

1 occlusal film 3 PA's (1 straight on and 2 at a mesial and distal 15 degrees)

Question 38

How do you treat apical and middle 3rd root fractures?

Answer 38

Flexible splint for 4 ***weeks***

Question 39

How do you treat coronal root fractures?

Answer 39

Flexible splint for 4 ***months***

Question 40

What is the typical pulpal outcome of intrusive luxations?

Answer 40

96% pulp necrosis

Question 41

For an avulsed tooth, when should you remove debris and necrotic PDLs?

Answer 41

Only when the extraoral dry time exceeds 1 hour. If less than 1 hour, do not touch the root surface

Question 42

If a tooth has been avulsed for more than 1 hour, what should be done before reimplantation?

Answer 42

Remove debris Remove necrotic PDL Immerse in 2% sodium fluoride for 20 minutes

Question 43

What is the order and rate of pulp necrosis for the 5 different types of dental trauma? (concussion, intrusion, etc.)

Answer 43

Concussion - 2% Subluxation - 6% Extrusion - 65% Lateral Extrusion - 80% Intrusion - 96%

Question 44

What is often described as "moth-eaten" appearance?

Answer 44

External root resorption

Question 45

Another name for ankylosis and primary cause

Answer 45

Replacement resorption (because the PDL/PDL space is replaced with bone) Trauma

Question 46

What is the most commonly used technique for internal bleaching of non-vital teeth?

Answer 46

Walking bleach