What are the symptoms the patient is experiencing that suggest type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- Fatigue
- Excessive thirst
- Excessive hunger
These symptoms are common indicators of diabetes.
What is the threshold for a fasting plasma glucose level to indicate diabetes?
> 126 mg/dL
A fasting plasma glucose level above this value suggests diabetes.
What is the threshold for a random plasma glucose level to indicate diabetes?
> 200 mg/dL
A random plasma glucose level above this value confirms diabetes.
What is the threshold for an oral glucose tolerance test to indicate diabetes?
> 200 mg/dL (2-hour blood glucose level)
This result is obtained after a 75-g glucose load.
What is the normal range for glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels?
<6%
A level below this indicates normal glucose control.
What is the first-line test for patients with a high risk of suspicion for pheochromocytoma?
Measure plasma fractionated metanephrines
High risk includes patients with an adrenal mass on CT, family history, genetic syndromes, or history of resected pheochromocytoma.
What are the classic symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
- Episodic headache
- Sweating
- Tachycardia
These symptoms are concerning for pheochromocytoma and may indicate the need for further testing.
Best initial screening test for both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroid diesel
TSH
Hypothyroidism
Elevated TSH and decrease T3 T4
Hyperthyroidism
Decrease TSH and elevated T43 T4
What are the ocular effects more specific to hypertension?
- AV nicking
- Retinal arterial narrowing
- Papilledema
These effects are distinct from those seen in diabetic retinopathy.
What is the hemoglobin A1C level that indicates prediabetes?
5.7% to <6.5%
A hemoglobin A1C level of 5.9% is indicative of prediabetes.
What fasting blood glucose range is considered prediabetes?
100 to 125 mg/dL
A fasting plasma glucose of ≥126 mg/dL is diagnostic for diabetes.
What is the 2-hour plasma glucose value range during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test that indicates prediabetes?
140 to 199 mg/dL
A value of ≥200 mg/dL is diagnostic for diabetes.
What fasting plasma glucose level is diagnostic for diabetes?
≥126 mg/dL
This level indicates that the individual has diabetes.
What does metabolic syndrome refer to?
A cluster of high risk symptoms that can increase your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of three or more specific risk factors.
What does the letter P in the mnemonic ‘PHATS’ stand for?
PRESSURE (BP > 130/85)
This indicates high blood pressure as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
What does the letter H in the mnemonic ‘PHATS’ represent?
HDL IS LOW (<40 MEN & <50 WOMEN)
Low levels of HDL cholesterol are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
What does the letter A in the mnemonic ‘PHATS’ signify?
ABDOMINAL GIRTH (>40IN MEN & >35IN WOMEN)
Increased abdominal girth is a critical component of metabolic syndrome.
What does the letter T in the mnemonic ‘PHATS’ refer to?
TRIGLYCERIDES (>150)
Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with metabolic syndrome.
What does the letter S in the mnemonic ‘PHATS’ indicate?
SUGARS (FASTING GLUCOSE >100)
High fasting glucose levels are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
How many symptoms are needed for confirmatory diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
3 or more
The presence of three or more risk factors is necessary for a diagnosis.
Hormone stimulates testosterone release by the leydig cells of the testes
Luteinizing hormone
What phenomenon is likely causing the patient’s increased blood glucose in the morning?
dawn phenomenon
This phenomenon is related to diurnal secretion patterns of hormones.
