Energy Transfer

Question 1

ATP hydrolysis
Energy change

• ATP + H20 ——– ADP + Pi + - ΔG … kcal∙mol -1
  … kcal∙mol -1
  ΔG = Laboratory condition:

Answer 1

ATP hydrolysis
Energy change

• ATP + H20 ——– ADP + Pi + - ΔG 7.3 kcal∙mol -1
  7.3 kcal∙mol -1
  ΔG = Laboratory condition:

Question 2

Third: High energy bonds release … kcal free energy liberated + Pi
Second: High energy bonds release … kcal free energy liberated + Pi
AMP and when? …..

Answer 2

High energy bonds release 7.3 kcal free energy liberated + Pi
High energy bonds release 10.3 kcal free energy liberated + Pi. Really intense exercise, ADP becomes AMP. We want to retain as its easier to add one back than 2.
AMP becomes ammonia and is toxic. Cant get back from AMP

Question 3

Energy-releasing and energy conserving processes
* Endergonic: Chemical reactions …. (…). …BOLISM
to break burger down takes energy
* Exergonic: Physical or chemical process that … (…) …BOLISM
excess energy from burger

Answer 3

Energy-releasing and energy conserving processes
* Endergonic: Chemical reactions store energy (uphill). ANABOLISM
* Exergonic: Physical or chemical process that releases energy (downhill) CATABOLISM

Question 4

Energy transfer

Biological function of our body:
* Extracts … from food and conserve it in ATP bonds
* Transfers the … of ATP to biological work

EXAMMMMMM

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) ~… %
* …

Na+/K+ ATPase ~.. %
* Moving … and … in and out of the cell

Myosin ATPase ~… %
* …

Answer 4

Energy transfer

• Biological function of our body:
• Extracts potential energy from food and conserve it in ATP bonds
• Transfers the chemical energy of ATP to biological work

Myosin ATPase ~75 %
* Breaking myosin-actin crossbridges

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) ~20 %
* Calcium withdrawal/reuptake following contraction

Na+/K+ ATPase ~5 %
* Moving sodium and potassium in and out of the cell

Question 5

Humans are inefficient - EXAMMMMM

Mechanical coupling efficiency ~…% ….
* Proportion of … that contributes to … work

Phosphorylative coupling efficiency ~…% ….
* Proportion of … retained as ATP …
* An … reaction

Overall efficiency ~…%
* ~…% is lost as heat!

Answer 5

Humans are inefficient

Phosphorylative coupling efficiency ~60% - 60% of YOUR BURGER IS ATP, rest is lost
* Proportion of potential energy retained as ATP is synthesized
* An endergonic reaction

Mechanical coupling efficiency ~50%. half of the remaining 60%
* Proportion of total chemical energy that contributes to external work

Overall efficiency ~30%
* ~70% is lost as heat!

Question 6

How much ATP is stored in our body?
~ … g (5-6mMol/Kg wet muscle) … mostly in the muscle cells! Why?
* By having … ATP, any changes in concentration of ATP will be …
* ATP is …
* ATP is a … molecule

Answer 6

How much ATP is stored in our body?
~ 80-100 g (5-6mMol/Kg wet muscle) … mostly in the muscle cells! Why?
* By having a small amount of ATP, any changes in concentration of ATP will be rapidly detected and corresponding metabolic responses will be activated.
* ATP is recycled
* ATP is a very big molecule

Question 7

EXAMMMMMM

How Enzymes increase reaction rates.
lower the …

• Related to the … that cells transfer chemical energy
  Proteins that … a chemical reaction by reducing its …
• … needed to initiate the reaction

Important properties:
* Do not … reaction
* Do not … of reaction
* Are not … during reaction
* R…
* Are sensitive to … and …

Lock and key hypothesis
* … fits into the … site of the enzyme like a lock fitting a key
* Highly …

Answer 7

lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY in our body

• Related to the rate that cells transfer chemical energy
  Proteins that accelerate a chemical reaction by reducing its activation energy
• Less energy needed to initiate the reaction

Important properties:
* Do not cause the reaction
* Do not change energy yield of reaction
* Are not consumed or changed during reaction
* Reusable
* Are sensitive to pH and temperature

Lock and key hypothesis
* Substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme like a lock fitting a key
* Highly specific