Hypertrophy 2

Question 1

GTOs and how they change with training
reduced coactivation with …

Cross education

chronic hypertrophy after resistance training

Answer 1

reduced autogenic inhibition
muscle spindle

Central mechanisms

increase in the size of myofibrils. increase in the size of non-contractile proteins

Question 2

Myofibrillar hypertrophy

• Increased number of …, … and … filaments → more … → more force output
• The … of existing … does not change
• More sarcomeres in …
• number of … does not change

number of myofibrils …, size of them …

Answer 2

Myofibrillar hypertrophy

• Increased number of myofibrils, actin and myosin filaments → more cross bridge cycling → more force output
• The SIZE of existing myofibrils does not change
• More sarcomeres in parallel
• number of FIBRES does not change

number of myofibrils increases, size of them does not change

Question 3

Muscle protein synthesis and remodeling

• Activation of the muscle stimulates … (…)
• Molecular pathways are triggered which increase … of relevant …
• Increased transcription translates to … but it does not produce new …
• Synthesis > breakdown

… and … of … tells you what type of remodelling you get
contribution of … can change the type of …
………….

Answer 3

Muscle protein synthesis and remodeling

• Activation of the muscle stimulates stem cells (satellite cells)
• Molecular pathways are triggered which increase transcription of relevant genes
• Increased transcription translates to new proteins but it does not produce new fiber
• Synthesis > breakdown

type and frequency of stress tells you what type of remodelling you get
contribution of satellite cells can change the type of muscle fibres.
long and slow exercise will give you type 1 muscle fibres
EXERCISE IS THE ADDRESS, go there to repair muscle

Question 4

Muscle protein synthesis and remodelling
There are two phenomenon here

Protein synthesis means you get a.a and rebuild the same type of muscle fibre
Remodelling means new muscle fibres are created. More characteristic related to the task. Running (type 1) Weight lifter(IIx) biker…

1- Protein synthesis
 Transcription of DNA in … containing …
 Transfer of the DNA copy to ribosome via mRNA
 Translation of the DNA copy via tRNAs that each contain blocks of 3 codes carrying amino acids
 Formation of a new protein …

2- Remodeling
 The proliferation of … located under the muscle fiber
 … of … based on the … of damaged muscle
 Creation of a new nucleus by satellite cell that contains gene B and produces protein B  Creation of a … that the muscle …
 For example, … of type …

Answer 4

Muscle protein synthesis and remodelling
There are two phenomenon here

1- Protein synthesis
 Transcription of DNA in pre-existing nuclei containing gene A
 Transfer of the DNA copy to ribosome via mRNA
 Translation of the DNA copy via tRNAs that each contain blocks of 3 codes carrying amino acids
 Formation of a new protein A.

2- Remodeling
 The proliferation of satellite cells located under the muscle fiber
 Differentiation of satellite cells based on the requirement of damaged muscle
 Creation of a new nucleus by satellite cell that contains gene B and produces protein B  Creation of a new protein that the muscle needs
 For example, conversion of type IIa to IIx.

Question 5

Are all amino acids contributing to muscle synthesis
11 are …
9 are …
… is the most important

No! While all amino acids are involved in various physiological processes, not all of them are directly incorporated into … during protein synthesis.
The sequence and arrangement of amino acids in a protein chain are determined by the … code and other … like …

Answer 5

Are all amino acids contributing to muscle synthesis
11 are non essential
9 are essential
Leucine is the most important

No! While all amino acids are involved in various physiological processes, not all of them are directly incorporated into protein structures during protein synthesis.
The sequence and arrangement of amino acids in a protein chain are determined by the genetic code and other stimuli like exercise.

Question 6

Resistance training (RT) Muscle hypertrophy

• Mechanisms underpinning muscle hypertrophy:
  Mechanical stress
• Disturbs … of muscle
• Causes … cellular response
• Activates … and translation (protein …)
• … activation and new nuclei and gene expression

Metabolic stress
* … accumulation (…, …, …)
* Acute muscle … (metabolic build-up)
* Ca+ and other electrolytes

Mechanical and metabolic stresses  facilitate a cascade of … and … signalling pathways  shift muscle protein balance to favour … over …

Answer 6

Resistance training (RT) Muscle hypertrophy

• Mechanisms underpinning muscle hypertrophy:
  Mechanical stress
• Disturbs integrity of muscle
• Causes mechano-chemical cellular response
• Activates gene transcription and translation (protein synthesis)
• Satellite cell activation and new nuclei and gene expression

Metabolic stress
* Metabolic accumulation (lactate, H+, Pi)
* Acute muscle hypoxia (metabolic build-up)
* Ca+ and other electrolytes

Mechanical and metabolic stresses  facilitate a cascade of anabolic and catabolic signalling pathways  shift muscle protein balance to favour synthesis over degradation.

Question 7

Mechanisms theorized to mediate hypertrophic adaptations from exercise-induced metabolic stress:

without … muscle cannot grow.
… and … stress
… increase muscle buildup

Answer 7

Mechanisms theorized to mediate hypertrophic adaptations from exercise-induced metabolic stress:

without stress muscle cannot grow.
Mechanical and metabolic stress
Hormones increase muscle buildup

Question 8

The role of exercise intensity

• Moderate intensity – high volume protocols in … style programs:
• Are intended to heighten … buildup
• High volume + moderate intensity contractions = prolonged …
• Multiple sets of 6-12 reps (60-80% of 1RM)
• Short …
• Greater contribution of …
• Increased … content

High-intensity …-style programs:
* …
* Energy derived from …
* Low volume + high intensity contractions = short …

Answer 8

The role of exercise intensity

• Moderate intensity – high volume protocols in bodybuilding style programs:
• Are intended to heighten metabolic buildup
• High volume + moderate intensity contractions = prolonged ischemia
• Multiple sets of 6-12 reps (60-80% of 1RM)
• Short rest intervals
• Greater contribution of glycolysis
• Increased glycogen content

High-intensity powerlifting-style programs:
* 90% of 1 RM
* Energy derived from PCr
* Low volume + high intensity contractions = short ischemia

Question 9

… training, (… training)

• Low-Intensity occlusion training:
• Provides a unique beneficial training mode for promoting muscle …
• Intensities as low as … 1RM with moderate vascular occlusion
• Increase in … factors
• Increased protein …
• Increases in … proteins
• Increase … synthase, and
• Decreased expression of … (that contributes to protein breakdown)

Muscle size is increased following …

Answer 9

Blood occlusion training, (KAATSU training)

• Low-Intensity occlusion training:
• Provides a unique beneficial training mode for promoting muscle hypertrophy.
• Intensities as low as 20 % 1RM with moderate vascular occlusion
• Increase in anabolic growth factors
• Increased protein synthesis
• Increases in heat shock proteins
• Increase Nitric oxide synthase, and
• Decreased expression of Myostatin (that contributes to protein breakdown)

Muscle size is increased following walk training!!!