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Ethics - COPILOT ANKI Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
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Front

A

Back

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3
Q

What historical events shaped the development of research ethics?

A

Nuremberg Trials

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4
Q

What are the four ethical principles of research?

A

Autonomy

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5
Q

How are ethical principles applied in human research?

A

Informed consent

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6
Q

What is plagiarism in research?

A

Presenting another’s ideas or words as your own without proper attribution; prevented by accurate referencing

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7
Q

What ethical issues arise in authorship and conflict of interest?

A

Authorship must reflect contribution; conflicts of interest must be disclosed to avoid bias

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8
Q

What ethical considerations exist in drug development?

A

Safety testing

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9
Q

Why are ethics committees and IRBs important?

A

They safeguard participants by reviewing protocols for risk

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10
Q

What are key resources for literature searching?

A

Databases such as PubMed

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11
Q

What are the components of a journal article?

A

Abstract

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12
Q

What are the main types of research studies?

A

Observational (case reports

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13
Q

How do observational and experimental designs differ?

A

Observational studies describe associations without intervention; experimental studies test causality by manipulating variables

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14
Q

What distinguishes qualitative vs quantitative research?

A

Qualitative explores meaning/experience; quantitative measures variables numerically with statistics

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15
Q

What are systematic reviews and meta-analyses?

A

Systematic reviews synthesize evidence; meta-analyses statistically pool results. Strengths: comprehensive

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16
Q

What are common epidemiology study designs?

A

Cohort studies

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17
Q

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

A

Prevalence = proportion with disease at a time; Incidence = new cases over a period

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18
Q

What are health status measures?

A

Mortality

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19
Q

What are population pyramids used for?

A

Visualizing age and sex distribution; useful for epidemiology and planning

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20
Q

What is disease and risk factor surveillance?

A

Systematic collection and analysis of health data to identify risks and guide interventions

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21
Q

What is the difference between research aims

A

questions

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22
Q

How are variables classified?

A

Categorical without order (nominal)

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23
Q

What is hypothesis testing procedure?

A

Define hypotheses → select test → collect data → calculate statistic → compare to significance level → accept/reject null

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24
Q

What are the three types of hypotheses?

A

Research hypothesis

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25
What is an operationalised hypothesis?
A hypothesis stated in measurable
26
What is statistical sampling?
Selecting a subset of a population to represent the whole in research
27
What are methods of sampling?
Random
28
What is bias vs confounding?
Bias = systematic error; Confounding = distortion by a third variable related to both exposure and outcome
29
What are types of bias?
Selection bias
30
How can bias be limited?
Randomization
31
What is internal vs external validity?
Internal = accuracy within study; External = generalizability to other populations
32
What is the difference between screening and diagnostic tests?
Screening = applied to asymptomatic populations; Diagnostic = applied to symptomatic individuals
33
What is test validity and reliability?
Validity = accuracy of measurement; Reliability = consistency of measurement
34
Front
Back
35
What historical events shaped the development of research ethics?
Nuremberg Trials
36
What are the four ethical principles of research?
Autonomy
37
How are ethical principles applied in human research?
Informed consent
38
What is plagiarism in research?
Presenting another’s ideas or words as your own without proper attribution; prevented by accurate referencing
39
What ethical issues arise in authorship and conflict of interest?
Authorship must reflect contribution; conflicts of interest must be disclosed to avoid bias
40
What ethical considerations exist in drug development?
Safety testing
41
Why are ethics committees and IRBs important?
They safeguard participants by reviewing protocols for risk
42
What are key resources for literature searching?
Databases such as PubMed
43
What are the components of a journal article?
Abstract
44
What are the main types of research studies?
Observational (case reports
45
How do observational and experimental designs differ?
Observational studies describe associations without intervention; experimental studies test causality by manipulating variables
46
What distinguishes qualitative vs quantitative research?
Qualitative explores meaning/experience; quantitative measures variables numerically with statistics
47
What are systematic reviews and meta-analyses?
Systematic reviews synthesize evidence; meta-analyses statistically pool results. Strengths: comprehensive
48
What are common epidemiology study designs?
Cohort studies
49
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence = proportion with disease at a time; Incidence = new cases over a period
50
What are health status measures?
Mortality
51
What are population pyramids used for?
Visualizing age and sex distribution; useful for epidemiology and planning
52
What is disease and risk factor surveillance?
Systematic collection and analysis of health data to identify risks and guide interventions
53
What is the difference between research aims
questions
54
How are variables classified?
Categorical without order (nominal)
55
What is hypothesis testing procedure?
Define hypotheses → select test → collect data → calculate statistic → compare to significance level → accept/reject null
56
What are the three types of hypotheses?
Research hypothesis
57
What is an operationalised hypothesis?
A hypothesis stated in measurable
58
What is statistical sampling?
Selecting a subset of a population to represent the whole in research
59
What are methods of sampling?
Random
60
What is bias vs confounding?
Bias = systematic error; Confounding = distortion by a third variable related to both exposure and outcome
61
What are types of bias?
Selection bias
62
How can bias be limited?
Randomization
63
What is internal vs external validity?
Internal = accuracy within study; External = generalizability to other populations
64
What is the difference between screening and diagnostic tests?
Screening = applied to asymptomatic populations; Diagnostic = applied to symptomatic individuals
65
What is test validity and reliability?
Validity = accuracy of measurement; Reliability = consistency of measurement
66
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive = summarize data; Inferential = draw conclusions about populations from samples
67
What are measures of central tendency?
Mean
68
What are measures of variability?
Variance
69
How do you identify normal vs non-normal distributions?
Normal distribution is symmetric bell-shaped; non-normal may be skewed or have kurtosis
70
What is a p-value?
The probability of observing results as extreme as those obtained if the null hypothesis is true
71
What is statistical power?
The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
72
What are type I and type II errors?
Type I = false positive; Type II = false negative
73
What are tests of association?
Pearson’s correlation
74
What are tests of differences?
t-tests
75
What is a Chi square test used for?
Testing goodness of fit and independence between categorical variables
76
What are risk and odds ratios?
Risk ratio compares probabilities; odds ratio compares odds of exposure/outcome
77
What is survival analysis?
Statistical methods for time-to-event data
78
What is the difference between clinical and statistical significance?
Statistical = mathematical difference; Clinical = meaningful impact on patient care
79
What are causal criteria?
Temporality
80
What are the main sections of a research article?
Abstract
81
What is the process of manuscript publication?
Submission → peer review → revision → acceptance → publication
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