NRV Week 1 Notes

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 3

What structures make up the central nervous system?

Answer 3

Brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 4

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 5

What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

Sympathetic parasympathetic and enteric

Question 6

What are the five major regions of the brain?

Answer 6

Telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon

Question 7

What structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 7

Corpus callosum

Question 8

What brain region controls voluntary motor movement?

Answer 8

Primary motor cortex

Question 9

What brain region processes somatic sensory information?

Answer 9

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 10

What is neurulation?

Answer 10

Formation of the neural tube from the neural plate during early embryonic development

Question 11

What structure induces neural plate formation?

Answer 11

Notochord

Question 12

What structure forms the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 12

Neural tube

Question 13

What cell population migrates and forms many peripheral structures?

Answer 13

Neural crest cells

Question 14

Examples of neural crest derivatives?

Answer 14

Melanocytes peripheral neurons Schwann cells adrenal medulla

Question 15

What are the two regions of the developing spinal cord?

Answer 15

Alar plate and basal plate

Question 16

What does the alar plate develop into?

Answer 16

Sensory neurons

Question 17

What does the basal plate develop into?

Answer 17

Motor neurons

Question 18

What roots carry sensory signals to the spinal cord?

Answer 18

Dorsal roots

Question 19

What roots carry motor signals from the spinal cord?

Answer 19

Ventral roots

Question 20

Which CNS cells produce myelin?

Answer 20

Oligodendrocytes

Question 21

Which PNS cells produce myelin?

Answer 21

Schwann cells

Question 22

Function of astrocytes?

Answer 22

Support neurons maintain blood brain barrier regulate extracellular ions

Question 23

Function of microglia?

Answer 23

Immune defense cells of the CNS

Question 24

Function of ependymal cells?

Answer 24

Line ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 25

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 25

Ability of the nervous system to change and adapt structurally and functionally

Question 26

What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?

Answer 26

Approximately negative 70 mV

Question 27

Which ion causes depolarization during an action potential?

Answer 27

Sodium influx

Question 28

Which ion causes repolarization?

Answer 28

Potassium efflux

Question 29

What occurs during hyperpolarization?

Answer 29

Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting level

Question 30

What restores resting membrane potential?

Answer 30

Na K ATPase pump

Question 31

What is the threshold potential for an action potential?

Answer 31

Approximately negative 55 mV

Question 32

What does the all or none principle mean?

Answer 32

Action potential occurs fully once threshold is reached or not at all

Question 33

What is the absolute refractory period?

Answer 33

Period when no new action potential can occur

Question 34

What is the relative refractory period?

Answer 34

Period when stronger stimulus is required for another action potential

Question 35

How do myelinated axons conduct signals?

Answer 35

Saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier

Question 36

How do unmyelinated axons conduct signals?

Answer 36

Continuous propagation along the axon

Question 37

What is a synapse?

Answer 37

Junction where a neuron communicates with another neuron or target cell

Question 38

Three components of a synapse?

Answer 38

Presynaptic terminal synaptic cleft postsynaptic membrane

Question 39

What triggers neurotransmitter release?

Answer 39

Calcium influx through voltage gated Ca channels

Question 40

How are neurotransmitters released?

Answer 40

Exocytosis from synaptic vesicles

Question 41

Order of synaptic transmission events?

Answer 41

Action potential arrival Ca channel opening neurotransmitter release receptor binding signal propagation neurotransmitter removal

Question 42

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 42

Neurotransmitters that depolarize neurons

Question 43

Example excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 43

Glutamate acetylcholine

Question 44

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 44

Neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize neurons

Question 45

Example inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 45

GABA glycine

Question 46

What channels are opened by excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 46

Sodium or calcium channels

Question 47

What channels are opened by inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 47

Chloride or potassium channels

Question 48

How is neurotransmitter signaling terminated?

Answer 48

Reuptake enzymatic degradation or diffusion

Question 49

Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 49

Ionotropic directly open ion channels metabotropic act through second messengers

Question 50

Primary neurotransmitter affected by alcohol?

Answer 50

GABA

Question 51

Effect of alcohol on GABA receptors?

Answer 51

Enhances GABA A receptor activity causing CNS depression

Question 52

Effect of alcohol on dopamine?

Answer 52

Increases dopamine in reward pathways

Question 53

Low dose alcohol effects?

Answer 53

Disinhibition mild euphoria impaired judgment

Question 54

High dose alcohol effects?

Answer 54

Sedation motor impairment respiratory depression

Question 55

Risk factors for alcohol use disorder?

Answer 55

Genetic predisposition early exposure stress psychiatric illness

Question 56

Major long term consequence of alcohol use disorder?

Answer 56

Liver disease cognitive impairment neuropathy

Question 57

Effect of alcohol on developing fetus?

Answer 57

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Question 58

Key characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 58

Growth retardation facial abnormalities neurodevelopmental delay

Question 59

Treatment approaches for alcohol use disorder?

Answer 59

Behavioral therapy counseling medications

Question 60

Example medications used for alcohol use disorder?

Answer 60

Naltrexone acamprosate disulfiram

Question 61

Why is neurotransmitter balance important?

Answer 61

Maintains normal cognition mood and motor function

Question 62

What is the node of Ranvier?

Answer 62

Gap in myelin sheath where action potentials regenerate

Question 63

Why is myelin important?

Answer 63

Increases speed and efficiency of nerve conduction

Question 64

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 64

Action potentials jumping between nodes of Ranvier

Question 65

Which neurons are most common in CNS?

Answer 65

Multipolar neurons

Question 66

Which neurons transmit sensory information?

Answer 66

Pseudounipolar neurons