Pulmonary - Week 6 - Flashcards Basic

Question 1

Describe the structure of influenza virus and its virulence factors.

Answer 1

Influenza is an RNA virus with an envelope and two main surface proteins: hemagglutinin (HA) for entry and neuraminidase (NA) for release. These change often# helping the virus escape immunity.

Question 2

Describe the pathophysiology of influenza and distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

Answer 2

Influenza infects airway cells causing inflammation and fever. Antigenic drift is small gradual changes in HA and NA causing yearly flu. Antigenic shift is a big sudden change causing pandemics.

Question 3

Explain the clinical features and evaluation of influenza.

Answer 3

Flu causes sudden fever# cough# sore throat# headache# muscle pain and tiredness. Diagnosis is by PCR or rapid antigen test.

Question 4

Describe the management of influenza.

Answer 4

Rest# fluids# fever control# and antivirals like oseltamivir if given early. Vaccine prevents infection.

Question 5

Explain the complications# differential diagnosis and prognosis of influenza.

Answer 5

Complications include pneumonia# ear infection# and worsening of chronic illness. Differentials are cold or COVID-19. Most people recover well.

Question 6

Describe the etiologic agent and epidemiology of pertussis.

Answer 6

Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis spread by droplets# mainly affecting unvaccinated children.

Question 7

Explain the clinical features of pertussis.

Answer 7

It has three stages: mild cough# then severe whooping cough# then gradual recovery. The cough can cause vomiting.

Question 8

Explain the evaluation of pertussis.

Answer 8

Diagnosis is by swab PCR or culture from the nose or throat.

Question 9

Describe the management of pertussis.

Answer 9

Macrolide antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination prevents it.

Question 10

List the complications# differential diagnosis and prognosis of pertussis.

Answer 10

Complications include pneumonia and seizures. It can be confused with asthma or bronchiolitis. Most recover with treatment.

Question 11

Define pneumonia and explain the classification of pneumonia based on the etiologic agents.

Answer 11

Pneumonia is lung infection caused by bacteria# viruses# or fungi.

Question 12

Describe the classification of pneumonia based on how it is acquired.

Answer 12

Community-acquired# hospital-acquired# ventilator-associated# or aspiration pneumonia.

Question 13

Describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pneumonia.

Answer 13

Common worldwide. Germs enter the lungs causing inflammation and fluid in air spaces.

Question 14

Compare the morphological features of Bronchopneumonia# lobar pneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.

Answer 14

Bronchopneumonia is patchy# lobar pneumonia involves one lobe# and interstitial pneumonia affects lung tissue between alveoli.

Question 15

Explain the evaluation and management of pneumonia.

Answer 15

Diagnosis by chest X-ray and sputum test. Treated with antibiotics and oxygen if needed.

Question 16

Describe the complications and prognosis of pneumonia.

Answer 16

Complications include abscess# pleural fluid# or sepsis. Most recover with treatment.

Question 17

Explain in brief aspiration pneumonia.

Answer 17

Caused by inhaling food or fluid into lungs# often in alcoholics or stroke patients.

Question 18

Describe coronaviruses focusing on human coronaviruses and its pathogenicity.

Answer 18

Coronaviruses are RNA viruses. Some cause mild colds# others like SARS-CoV-2 cause severe lung infection.

Question 19

Explain the epidemiology and pandemics caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Answer 19

Started in 2019 in China and spread worldwide by droplets and close contact.

Question 20

Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Answer 20

It binds to ACE2 receptors in lungs causing inflammation and breathing problems. Symptoms include fever# cough# and loss of smell.

Question 21

Explain the evaluation and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Answer 21

Diagnosis is by PCR. Treatment includes rest# oxygen# and sometimes antivirals or steroids.

Question 22

Explain infection control measures and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2.

Answer 22

Use masks# handwashing# isolation# and get vaccinated to prevent infection.

Question 23

Describe the prognosis and complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Answer 23

Most recover but some develop severe lung disease or long COVID.

Question 24

Identify the etiologic agent and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB).

Answer 24

TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Risk factors are HIV# poor nutrition# and crowding.

Question 25

Describe the epidemiology of TB.

Answer 25

Common in developing countries and people with weak immunity.

Question 26

Define and distinguish Primary TB# Secondary TB (latent# reactivation and disease progression).

Answer 26

Primary TB is first infection# latent TB is sleeping bacteria# reactivation happens when immunity drops# secondary TB causes lung cavities.

Question 27

Describe the morphological features of primary# secondary# and miliary TB of the lung.

Answer 27

Primary shows small focus in lower lung# secondary shows upper lobe cavities# miliary has many tiny nodules.

Question 28

Explain the clinical features of TB including primary# secondary and disseminated.

Answer 28

Symptoms are cough# weight loss# fever# and night sweats. Disseminated TB spreads to other organs.

Question 29

Describe the screening tests and diagnosis of TB.

Answer 29

Screen with skin test or IGRA blood test. Confirm with sputum smear# culture# or PCR and chest X-ray.

Question 30

Explain standard anti-TB drugs: intensive phase# continuation phase & adjuvant Rx including mechanism of action and side effects.

Answer 30

Intensive phase: 2 months of isoniazid# rifampin# pyrazinamide# ethambutol. Continuation: 4 months of isoniazid and rifampin. Side effects include liver damage and eye problems.

Question 31

Explain multidrug resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB).

Answer 31

MDR-TB resists isoniazid and rifampin. XDR-TB also resists fluoroquinolones and injectables.

Question 32

List the complications# differential diagnosis and describe the prognosis of TB.

Answer 32

Complications include bleeding# scarring# and spread to other organs. It may look like lung cancer. Prognosis is good if treated fully.

Question 33

Define and identify the etiology and describe the clinical features of acute bronchitis.

Answer 33

Acute bronchitis is infection of large airways by viruses. Causes cough and sputum for days to weeks.

Question 34

Describe the evaluation and management of acute bronchitis.

Answer 34

Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is rest# fluids# and cough relief. Antibiotics not needed.

Question 35

Define and identify the etiology and describe the clinical features of bronchiolitis.

Answer 35

Infection of small airways in infants# usually RSV. Causes cough# wheeze# and trouble breathing.

Question 36

Explain the evaluation and management of bronchiolitis.

Answer 36

Diagnosis by symptoms or RSV test. Supportive care with fluids and oxygen.

Question 37

Define and identify the etiology and explain the clinical features of lung abscess.

Answer 37

Pus-filled cavity in lung from aspiration or infection. Causes fever# cough# and bad-smelling sputum.

Question 38

Describe the evaluation and management of lung abscess.

Answer 38

Diagnosis by chest X-ray or CT. Treated with antibiotics and sometimes drainage.

Question 39

List the complications and differential diagnosis of lung abscess.

Answer 39

Complications include sepsis or empyema. It can look like TB or cancer.

Question 40

Identify the etiology and clinical features of empyema.

Answer 40

Pus in the pleural space often from pneumonia. Causes fever# chest pain# and shortness of breath.

Question 41

Explain the evaluation and management of empyema.

Answer 41

Chest X-ray or ultrasound shows fluid. Treat with antibiotics and chest tube drainage.

Question 42

List the complications of empyema.

Answer 42

Complications are scarring# infection spread# or poor lung expansion.

Question 43

Compare differential diagnosis of empyema.

Answer 43

Can be confused with fluid from heart failure or blood in chest.

Question 44

Identify different types of fungi infecting the lungs.

Answer 44

Aspergillus# Histoplasma# Blastomyces# Coccidioides# and Cryptococcus.

Question 45

Compare and contrast causative fungal agents in different geographic locations.

Answer 45

Histoplasma in Midwest USA# Blastomyces near lakes# Coccidioides in Southwest USA# Cryptococcus worldwide.

Question 46

Describe different types of antifungal medications# their mechanism of action# indications and contraindications.

Answer 46

Azoles stop ergosterol making# amphotericin B binds ergosterol# echinocandins block cell wall. Avoid in liver or kidney disease.

Question 47

Explain the common infectious and non-infectious causes of pulmonary infiltrates in the immunocompromised.

Answer 47

Infectious: bacteria# fungi# viruses like CMV. Noninfectious: drug effects or cancer.

Question 48

Describe Pneumocystis jiroveci and CMV infection in HIV patients.

Answer 48

Pneumocystis causes dry cough and low oxygen; treat with TMP-SMX. CMV causes pneumonia and eye disease; treat with ganciclovir.

Question 49

Identify the common classes of antibiotics used in respiratory infections.

Answer 49

Beta-lactams# macrolides# fluoroquinolones# tetracyclines# aminoglycosides.

Question 50

Describe the mechanism of action of each class of antibiotics used for respiratory infections.

Answer 50

Beta-lactams block cell wall# macrolides stop protein making at 50S# fluoroquinolones block DNA# tetracyclines block 30S# aminoglycosides cause faulty protein reading.