Excretory System

Question 0

ADH

Answer 0

• antidiuretic hormone
• increases permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting duct, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood (dilutes blood)
• osmoreceptors stop or prevent release of ADH, collecting duct and distal tubules become less permeable to water, allowing more water to be excreted (too dilute)

Question 1

aldosterone

Answer 1

• hormone stimulates the distal tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium ions, because the reabsorption of sodium ions is followed passively by chloride ions and water, aldosterone has the net effect of retaining both salt and water
• stimulates secretion of potassium ions into the distal tubules and collecting ducts if potassium concentration in the blood is too high

Question 2

hemodialysis

Answer 2

• blood is pumped from the fistula into the dialyzer
• in the dialyzer, waste products filter from the blood through an artificial membrane into the dialysate
• filtered blood is pumped from the dialyzer into the fistula
• takes 3-5 hours and 3/4 times a week
• seated or lying down

Question 3

peritoneal

Answer 3

• caterer is surgically inserted into abdominal cavity and dialysate may be delivered
• since dialysate is always present, blood is continuously filtered
• 3-5 exchanges of fresh dialysate for used dialysate are needed each day

Question 4

keratin

Answer 4

• produced by epidermal cells
• waterproofs skin
• fingernails and toenails

Question 5

ureters and peristalsis

Answer 5

• urine tricked down from the calyces to the pelvis then into ureter
• alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, peristaltic waves, in the walls of the ureters and urine movement into the urinary bladder

Question 6

kidney stones

Answer 6

cause
-development of crystalline formations due to excess calcium in urine

treatment

• stones may pass through urinary tract itself
• medications may break down crystalline
• ultrasound shock waves disintegrate crystalline
• surgery

Question 7

urinary tract infection

Answer 7

-women have closer urethra, and anal openings making it easier from bacteria from bowels to enter urinary tract

Question 8

sphincter viscerae

Answer 8

• upper/inner ring of smooth muscle
• involuntary/ we don’t control it
• relaxes when 300ml of urine are present

Question 9

sphincter urethrae

Answer 9

• outer/lower striated ring of muscle

- voluntarily controlled

Question 10

deamination

Answer 10

• removal of an amino group from amino acid
• deminated amino acid of amino acid is converted into glucose then as glycogen in the liver
• amino group is converted into ammonia, highly toxic waste product
• liver then combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form a less toxic waste called urea

Question 11

epidermal skin layers

Answer 11

• stratum corneum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum germinativum

Question 12

organs of excretion

Answer 12

• kidney
• ureter
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 13

glucose and water reabsorption

Answer 13

glucose
-have mitochondria which use ATP to drive the active transport of glucose back into the blood

water

• negatively charged ions tag along passively attracted by the electrical charge in the transported ions
• water follows ions by osmosis so it’s reabsorbed into the blood

Question 14

sebaceous gland

Answer 14

• attached to hair follicle
• produce oily secretion that prevents hair from drying and cracking
• keeps hair soft
• if infected get pimple or acne

Question 15

urinary bladder

Answer 15

-stores urine temporarily

Question 16

ureter

Answer 16

• moves urine by peristaltic actions of smooth muscle to urinary bladder
• gravity helps

Question 17

nephron parts

Answer 17

• bowman capsule
• glomerulus
• proximal tubule
• distal tubule
• collecting duct
• descending/ascending loop of henle
• renal vein
• renal artery

Question 18

4 processes of urine production

Answer 18

• glomerular filtration
• tubular reabsorption
• tubular secretion
• water reabsorption

Question 19

nephron

Answer 19

• filtering carousel substances from blood transforming into urine
• embedded within renal cortex

Question 20

nitrogenous waste products

Answer 20

• metabolic waste
• CO2
• H2O
• sodium/chloride/hydrogen ions

Question 21

glomerulus

Answer 21

• walls act as filtration device
• impermeable to proteins, RBC, other large molecules
• water, ions, small molecules and urea pass through walls

Question 22

cystitis

Answer 22

-inflammation of bladder due to urinary infection