what does sharp power include
-manipulation of information
-formation of false content
-defacing websites
-destruction of network services
characteristics of sharp power
-low cost
-clear strategy and tactics
who coined the term sharp power
-Pablo Cardenal in 2017
role of sharp power
manipulate culture, education systems and media
example of sharp power in china
-international brands banned from the market such as YouTube and Instagram
who defines power as what
-Nye
-Power is “ability to effect others to get the outcomes one wants”
what is hard power based on
-military intervention
-coercive diplomacy
-economic sanctions
what does hard power rely on
tangible power resources
-e.g. armed forces or economic means
examples of use of hard power
UN economic sanctions against Iraq in 1991 following the first gulf war
soft power
capacity to persuade others to do what one wants
what is persuasive power based on
-attraction and emulation
-intangible power resources such as culture, ideology and instituions
example of soft power
-American culture within the Eastern bloc during cold war to undermine soviet influence
-Voice of emrica radio station broadcasting american music and news into eastern bloc countries
what does the effectiveness of hard and soft power depend on
-the accessibility of power resources
how are larger states like USA and Russia benefiting in the use of power
-higher national income
-financially maintain large armed forces and put other states economically under pressure
what influences the hard soft power continuum
-temporal dimension
-hard power takes less time as is tangible
-soft power develops over longer time
what is smart power
the capacity to combine elements of hard and soft power in ways that are mutually reinforing
example of ineffectiveness of basing foreign policy making solely on hard power strategies
-US invasion into Iraq in 2003
-failed to understand what elements of power were needed to defeat the emerging threat from terrorist groups
what is in the process of transition between hard and soft power
Indias foreign policy
-e.g. act east policy (strengthen cultural ties w southeast aisa whilst deepening naval cooperation in indo-paicific to counter china)
weaknesses of soft power
-cultural influence doesn’t equate political power
-desirability of outcomes depends on circumstances which cannot be influenced by states
-results occur after a long period of time
example of effective soft power
EU attracting new members
-attract because it offers a country a seat at the decision making table
example of smart power
-US effort to strengthen its influence in Africa
-African growth and opportunity act program (trade agreements bound to social reforms)
how is military power influential for a superpower
-nucleur power and intercontinental ballistic missiles
how is cultural power influential for a superpower
-used by NGOs, international institutions, international politics
-obtain what you want via co-option and attraction
how does geographical power influential for a superpower
-physical or cultural presence in a specific place
-sphere of influence
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Geofact sheets41
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characteristics of superpowers17
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Mechanisms of Power21
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Lesson three30
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Key definitions54
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emerging powers14
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modernisation theory14
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dependency theory22
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World systems theory12
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IGOs17
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OBOR/ BRI6
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different IGOs14
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IGOs influence17
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superpower influence through TNCs23
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superpower influence through culture10
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growth of resource consumption11
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food, water, energy, resource demand17
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potential tensions and conflict27
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the economic challenges facing the USA + EU21
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economic challenges facing USA and EU (military)7
