Key definitions

Question 1

Acculturation

Answer 1

-process of cultural exchange
-when two different cultures meet and interact
-transfer of dominant culture’s ideas onto a subordinate culture
-common aspect of colonialism.

Question 2

Arab-Spring

Answer 2

-series of pro-democracy, pro-human civil uprisings in 2011 that affected counties like Syria, Tunisia
-some governments were overthrown, but in most cases, long term (protracted) instability followed the uprising.

Question 3

Bi-polar

Answer 3

-world where two countries either share or compete to have the greatest global influence

Question 4

Blue water navy

Answer 4

-one which can deploy into the open ocean
-smaller nations only have a green water navy designed to patrol littoral waters, (i.e. those close to the nation’s coastline)

Question 5

Bretton Woods institutions

Answer 5

-IMF and WB were founded at the Bretton Woods conference in USA at end of WWII
-help rebuild, guide world economy.
-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) set up soon after
-later became the WTO

Question 6

BRICs

Answer 6

Brazil, Russia, India, China (2006), and South Africa (2010)
-a group of emerging economies with significant economic growth potential
-developed into an intergovernmental organization

Question 7

aim of BRICs

Answer 7

promote economic growth, development, and cooperation among its members
-reform international financial and political system

Question 8

Capitalism

Answer 8

economic and political system in which trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Question 9

Cold War

Answer 9

-tension between rival superpowers the capitalist USA and communist USSR
-lasted from 1945 to 1990

Question 10

Colonial

Answer 10

-direct control exerted over territories conquered by mainly European powers in the period 1600 to 1900

Question 11

Colonialism

Answer 11

policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country or territory

Question 12

Core-periphery system

Answer 12

uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country
-resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment from periphery to core.

Question 13

Democracy

Answer 13

Countries with a system of government in which power is either held by regularly elected representatives or directly by the people

Question 14

Dependency theory

Answer 14

-developing countries remain dependent on wealthier countries
-their reliance on developed economies causes their poverty

Question 15

Diplomacy

Answer 15

-negotiations and decision-making that takes place between nations as part of international relations
-leads to international agreements and treaties

Question 16

Direct control

Answer 16

imposition of power by a more powerful group
-such as through military rule

Question 17

Economic centre of gravity

Answer 17

-main location of majority of economic activity
-considered on a world scale
-centre of scale shifted towards East Asia

Question 18

Economic miracle

Answer 18

-informal term referring to period of dramatic and fast economic development that is unexpectedly strong

Question 19

Emerging power

Answer 19

country that has rapidly increased its influence and economic position in the world

Question 20

Empire

Answer 20

group of nations and people ruled by a more powerful foreign government or leadership
-creates a worldwide territory

Question 21

Energy pathway

Answer 21

route taken by forms of energy from its source to points of consumption
Control of these= example of power projection.

Question 22

Exclusive Economic Zone

Answer 22

area of ocean extending to edge of continental shelf
-a nation controls the sea and sub-sea resources

Question 23

G20

Answer 23

20 richest countries in the world

Question 24

Geo-strategic policies

Answer 24

-attempt to meet global and regional policy aims of a country by combining diplomacy with movement and positioning of military assets

Question 25

Geo-strategic location theory

Answer 25

-developed by Mackinder -argued whoever controls Europe and Asia (the world’s largest landmass) would control the world

Question 26

Geopolitical

Answer 26

confluence of geography on politics -.e.g. international relations

Question 27

Hard power

Answer 27

-expression of a country’s will or influence through coercive measures -economic sanctions and military threat/force

Question 28

Hegemonic power

Answer 28

-nation-state exercises dominant influence over other regions -through combination of political, economic, military, and cultural factors -maintained through coercive means, through establishment of norms, values, ideas that are widely accepted and internalized

Question 29

Hyperpower

Answer 29

unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power

Question 30

Ideology

Answer 30

set of beliefs, values and opinions held by many people in a society -Superpowers project their ideology on others

Question 31

example of ideology

Answer 31

USA and ‘Western values’ of free speech, individual freedoms, free-market economies and consumerism

Question 32

IGOs

Answer 32

Regional or global organisations whose members are nation states uphold treaties and international law

Question 33

IMF

Answer 33

primary role is to maintain international financial stability

Question 34

IPCC

Answer 34

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Question 35

Islamic State (IS) or ISIS, ISIL, Daesh

Answer 35

-terrorist organisation arose in 2013 during the Syrian civil war

Question 36

Israel-Palestine conflict

Answer 36

between the Jewish state of Israel and Arabs in Palestine

Question 37

what complicates the Israel-Palestine conflict

Answer 37

-involvement of Colonial, Cold War and contemporary superpowers -complicated a religious and territorial dispute into a wider geostrategic conflict

Question 38

Middle class

Answer 38

people with discretionary income

Question 39

Modernisation theory

Answer 39

-theory believed that poverty was a trap -traditional values in poorer countries held economies back -capitalism was solution to poverty

Question 40

Negative externalities

Answer 40

Cost suffered by people and places as a result of changing economic activity

Question 41

Neo-colonial

Answer 41

-indirect actions of developed nations who exercise degree of control over development of former colonies

Question 42

how is neo colonial achieved

Answer 42

-conditions attached to aid and loans -cultural influence -military or economic support (either overt or covert) for particular groups or movements

Question 43

Neo-colonialism

Answer 43

-even though less-developed countries no longer directly ruled over, still controlled indirectly through economic, cultural and political means

Question 44

Proxy war

Answer 44

war instigated by a major power that is not always directly involved in the fighting

Question 45

Rare earth minerals

Answer 45

metal elements crucial to modern communication, medical and laser technology

Question 46

Sanctions

Answer 46

Usually economic - commercial and financial support for a country is withdrawn or blocked

Question 47

Soft power

Answer 47

power that arises from a country’s political and economic influence, moral authority and cultural attractiveness

Question 48

Staple foods

Answer 48

Stable supply at affordable prices is important to regular food security

Question 49

Superpower

Answer 49

nation with the ability to project power and influence anywhere in the world and be a dominant global force -Due to dominant economy, culture, political persuasion or military strength

Question 50

Transfer pricing

Answer 50

-financial flow when one division of a TNC based in one country charges a division of the same TNC (based in another country) for the supply of a product or service

Question 51

UN Security Council

Answer 51

division of the UN responsible for maintaining international peace and security and approving changes to the UN Charter

Question 52

members of the UN security council

Answer 52

5 permanent members and 10 rotating members

Question 53

WB

Answer 53

role to finance development

Question 54

WTO

Answer 54

looks at the rules of how countries trade with each other