GIT PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Zollinger Ellison - Syndrome

Answer 1

• best diagnostic test
• SECRETIN TEST normal gastrin level should drop
• treatment PPI

Question 2

acetylcholine increase

Answer 2

• on salivary glands increases salivary secretion increase Ach
• dry mouth decrease Ach
• increases GI motility, colonic motility, small intestine motility (excess Ach)
• detrusor muscle urinary retention (decrease)
• diarrhea
• angle closure glaucoma
• defecation
• constipation (decrease)

Question 3

tricyclics anti depressant (anticholinergics)

Answer 3

• dry mouth
• urinary retention
• constipation

Question 4

acetylcholine excess

Answer 4

• Myasthenia Gravis
• nerve gas attack
• crop duster

Question 5

acetylcholine decrease

Answer 5

• pathologic decrease atropine
• ipatropium bromide
• tricyclic antidepressants

Question 6

dementia therapy MG drugs

Answer 6

• donepazil
• ribosigmine
• galantimine
  IT INCREASE ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE BRAIN

Question 7

case:
patient on a dementia medication suddenly develops
increase salivation, urination, defecation

Answer 7

mechanism:
- increase acetylcholine in the brain
- acetylcholine increase GI motility, make the detrusor muscle contract

Question 8

case:

patient with COPD under treatment suddenly develops constipation dry mouth

Answer 8

mechanism:

ipatropium bromide anti cholinergic

Question 9

dyspnea, caused by asthma

Answer 9

• methacholine stimulation testing

Question 10

sympathetic (NOREPINEPHRINE)

Answer 10

• GI motility is decreased
• dry decrease secretion
• increase constriction of sphincter
• SLOWS
• DRIES
• DILATES bronchi to increase oxygenation

Question 11

ASTHMATICS

Answer 11

• treatment increase sympathetic
• beta agonist
• dilates and dries

Question 12

NE and Epinephrine

Answer 12

• shut down bowels by contraction
• shut down saliva
• open eyes
• open bronchi
• constricts blood vessels to shunt blood from the skin to heart to brain

Question 13

acetylcholine (parasympathetic)

Answer 13

• increase motility
• increase secretion
• decrease constrictions of sphincters
• AN INCREASE IN PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY PROMOTES DIGESTIVE AND ABSORPTIVE PROCESSES

Question 14

gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP)

Answer 14

• vagus
• acetylcholine
• vagal stimulation increase salivation and GI motility (STRETCH OF THE STOMACH)

Question 15

URGE INCONTINENCE (overactive bladder syndrome)

Answer 15

• medications such as antimuscarinic drugs (e.g., darifenacin, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin, trospium, fesoterodine)
• anticholinergic
• SE dry mouth

Question 16

exocrine

Answer 16

• to the duct

Question 17

endocrine

Answer 17

• to the blood stream

Question 18

paracrine

Answer 18

• histamine

Question 19

secretin

Answer 19

• from the S cells lining the duodenum

- make HCO3 to neutralized the acid (from LIVER and PANCREAS)

Question 20

pancreas produce mainly

Answer 20

• HCO3 and fluids 80-90% (PPI)

- insulin 1% controls the metabolic rate of cells in the body

Question 21

CCK

Answer 21

• fats goes to duodenum, duodenal cells makes CCK make the pancreas secrete lipase and the gallbladder makes the bile
• no bile no fat absorption (saponification of the fats) lipase dissolve it for absorption

Question 22

gallbladder contract

Answer 22

• sphincter of oddi open

Question 23

1 stimulant for gastrin secretion (parasympathetic)

Answer 23

• distention/stretch of stomach stimulates vagus which makes acetylcholine which secretes gastrin
• GRP

Question 24

protein peptides

Answer 24

• increase gastrin secretion (predominant product is acid pepsinogen)
• PEPSINOGEN digest protein

Question 25

stretch of stomach

Answer 25

- time to digest - by digesting proteins - by increasing gastrin - by increasing motility (the only function of gastrin, the only feedback inhibition, neural inhibition)

Question 26

GASTRIN FUNCTIONS

Answer 26

by increasing motility (the only function of gastrin, the only feedback inhibition, neural inhibition)

Question 27

GASTIC ULCERS ARE FROM

Answer 27

- PEPSIN

Question 28

milk containing diet

Answer 28

- secretes gastrin

Question 29

all are inhibitory except

Answer 29

- GASTRIN

Question 30

GASTIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE (GIP)

Answer 30

- are stimulated by CHO | - and increase INSULIN

Question 31

CHO makes

Answer 31

- GIP to make insulin

Question 32

which has a greater INCREASE IN INSULIN | oral glucose vs IV glucose

Answer 32

- oral sugars due to GIP | - all GI hormones INCREASE INSULIN but GIP INCREASES IT MORE