SKETCHY MICRO > GRAM (+) BACILLI > Flashcards

GRAM (+) BACILLI Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Characteristics

A

Gram (+)
Obligate aerobe
Encapsulated
Spore forming rod

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2
Q

Bacillus anthracis

The capsule is made of

A

Poly-D-glutamate

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3
Q

Bacillus anthracis

3 main virulance factors

A

Lethal factor
Edema factor
Protective antigen

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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis

How does the lethal factor works?

A

Inhibits MAP kinase leading to macrophage apoptosis

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis

How does the edema factor works?

A

Acts as adenylyl cyclase increasing cAMP leading to edema that inhibits host defenses and preventing phagocytosis

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6
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Diseases

A

Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax

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7
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Describe cutaneous anthrax

A

Ulcer with black eschar (painless, necrotic)

Can progress to bacteremia and death

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8
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Describe pulmonary anthrax

Wool’s soster disease

A

Begins with flu like symptoms that progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis and shock

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9
Q

Bacillus anthracis

How does pulmonary anthrax shows on x-ray?

A

Widened mediastinum

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10
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Treatment

A

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
Doxycicline

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11
Q

Bacillus cereus

Characteristics

A

Gram (+)
Obligate aerobe
Encapsulated
Spore forming rod

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12
Q

Bacillus cereus

Disease

A

Food poisoning

Associated with re-heated rice

Emtic type: Nausea and vomiting within 1-5 hours
Diarrheal type: watery nonbloddy diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hours

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13
Q

Bacillus cereus

Toxin

A

Cereulide

Pre-formed toxin

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14
Q

Bacillus cereus

Treatment

A

Supportive care

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15
Q

Clostridium

Characteristics
Gram, spore, O2

A

Gram (+)
Spore forming
Obligate anaerobic rods

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16
Q

Clostridium tetani

Toxin

A

Tetanospamin

Pathogen remains localized to wound site

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17
Q

Clostridium tetani

How does the tetanospamin works?

A

Spread by retrograde axonal transport to CNS and blocks realease of GABA and glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord

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18
Q

Clostridium tetani

Signs and symptoms

A

Spastic paralysis, trimus, risus sardonicus and opisthotonos

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19
Q

Clostridium tetani

Vaccine

A

Toxoid vaccine (conjugated)

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20
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Toxin

Heat labile

A

Damages SNARE proteins preventing ACh release at the neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Signs and symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A

Flaccid paralysis, desccending paralysis

5 D’s

Diplopia, dysarthia, dysphagia, dyspnea, descending flaccid paralysis

22
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Transmission

Study These Flashcards
A

Adults: ingestion of heat labile toxin by improper canning of food
Babies: ingestion of spores presents in honey

“Floppy baby syndrome”

23
Q

Clostridium difficile

2 toxins

Study These Flashcards
A

Toxin A
Toxin B

24
Q

Clostridium difficile

Toxin A

Study These Flashcards
A

Binds to the brush border of the intestine and causes inflammation, cell death and diarrhea

25
# Clostridium difficile Toxin B
Disrupts cytoskeleton integrity by depolymerizing actin leading to enterocyte death and necrosis | Forms a pseudo membrane that covers colonic mucosa
26
# Clostridium difficile Association
Ofter secondary to antibiotic use, especially **clindamycin**
27
# Clostridium difficile Diagnosis
PCR or antigen detection | Detects the toxin not the pathogen
28
# Clostridium difficile Treatment
Oral vancomycin Alternative: metronidazole
29
# Clostridium perfringes Transmission
Exposition to dirt and dust
30
# Clostridium perfringes Diseases
Gas gangrene (myonecrosis) Food poisoning
31
# Clostridium perfringes Toxin
Alpha-toxin: Lecithinase (phospholipase) causes **myonecrosis** (gas gangrene) and **hemolysis** ## Footnote Causes damage to cell membrane by damaging lypoproteins
32
# Clostridium perfringes Presents with
Double zone of hemolysis
33
# Clostridium perfringes Characteristics of food poisoning
Late on-set (10-12 hours) ## Footnote Does not requires antibiotics
34
# Clostridium perfringes Treatment
Penicilin G
35
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Characteristics Gram, spore, shape
Gram (+) Non-spore forming Y or V shaped
36
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Microscopic findings
Metachromatic granules | Stain red and the rest of the cell stain blue
37
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Transmission
Respiratory droplets
38
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Toxin | Subunit A and B
Inhibitis protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 leading to necrosis in pharynx, cardiac and CNS tissue
39
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria | Signs and symptoms
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Lymphadenopathy (bulls neck) Dissemination may cause: myocarditis, arrhythmias, neuropathies
40
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Laboratory diagnosis
Visualization of gram (+) rods with metachromatic granules (Tellurite or Loffler media) (+) Elek test for toxin
41
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Vaccine
DTaP vaccin | Given with tetanus and pertussis
42
# Corynebacterium diphtheriae Treatment
Diphtheria antitoxin and erythromycin or penicilin
43
# Listeria monocytogenes Characteristics ## Footnote Gram, catalase, intracellular, hemolytic
Gram (+) bacilli Facultative intracellular Beta-hemolytic Catalase (+)
44
# Listeria monocytogenes Transmission
Unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats Transplacental Vaginal during birth
45
# Listeria monocytogenes Grows in
Cold temperatures
46
# Listeria monocytogenes Pathology
Forms **rocket tails** via actin polymerization that allow intracelular movement and cell-to-cell spread avoiding antibodies
47
# Listeria monocytogenes Toxin
Listeriolysin ## Footnote Generates pores in phagosomes allowing its escape into cytoplasm
48
# Listeria monocytogenes Who is more likely to get it?
Pregnant women
49
# Listeria monocytogenes Disease
Amnionitis Sepsis Spontaneus abortion **Meningitis** (inmunocompromised, neonates and older adults)
50
# Listeria monocytogenes Treatment
Ampicilin
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