Gross Anatomy > Head: Pharynx > Flashcards

Head: Pharynx Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharynx is part of

A
  • The alimentary system

- Shared with respiratory system

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2
Q

Pharynx extends from

A
  • Extends from cranial base to the level of the cricoid cartilage (C6 level)
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3
Q

Pharynx is narrowest where

A
  • Narrowest where it is continuous with the esophagus
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4
Q

Pharynx is located immediately

A
  • Immediately anterior to cervical vertebrae
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5
Q

3 parts of the Pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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6
Q

Nasopharynx location

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity

- Superior to soft palate

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7
Q

Oropharynx location

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
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8
Q

Laryngopharynx location

A
  • Posterior to larynx
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9
Q

Cervical Esophagus

A
  • Begins at pharyngo-esophageal jxn (location of criopharyngeus)
  • Vertebral level C6
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10
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Respiratory function
  • C1 vertebral level
  • Continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorly through the choanae
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11
Q

Nasopharynx boundaries

A
  • Soft palate inferiorly and sphenoid bone and occipital bone (roof and posterior wall)
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12
Q

Nasopharynx content

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  • Torus tubarius
  • Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Salpingopharyngeal fold
  • Pharyngeal recess
  • Pharyngeal isthmus
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13
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A
  • Lymphatic tissue

- Part of the immune system

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14
Q

Torus tubarius (torus of the pharyngotympanic tube)

A
  • Mucosal elevation

- Formed by the pharyngeal end of the pharyngotympanic tube

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15
Q

Opening of pharyngotympanic tube communicates with

A
  • Communicates with middle ear
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16
Q

Salpingopharyngeal fold

A
  • Lies over the salpingopharyngeus muscle
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17
Q

Pharyngeal recess is located

A
  • Located posterior to pharyngotympanic tube
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18
Q

Pharyngeal isthmus provides communication between

A
  • Naso and oropharynx
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19
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Digestive function
  • Shared pathway with respiratory system
  • C2,3 vertebral levels
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20
Q

Oropharynx boundaries

A
  • Soft palate superiorly
  • Epiglottis inferiorly
  • Oropharyngeal isthmus (anteriorly)
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21
Q

Oropharyngeal isthmus (anterior boundary of oropharynx) contains

A
  • Palatoglossal/palatopharyngeal arches

- Pharyngeal tongue (tongue base)

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22
Q

Oropharynx content

A
  • Tonsillar fossa

- Palatine tonsils

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23
Q

Tonsillar fossa is located

A
  • Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds (arches)
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24
Q

Palatine tonsils are located

A
  • In tonsillar bed between arches
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25
Laryngopharynx
- Posterior to the larynx - Continuous with the esophagus - C4-6 vertebral levels
26
Laryngopharynx boundaries
- From level of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
27
Laryngopharynx content
- Piriform recess (fossa)
28
Piriform recess (fossa)
- On the sides of laryngeal inlet - Objects/food can become lodged here - Internal laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves deep to the mucosa
29
External layer of pharyngeal muscles
- Superior pharyngeal constrictor - Middle pharyngeal constrictor - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
30
Superior pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachment
- Pterygoid Hamulus | - Pterygomandibular raphe
31
Superior pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachment
- Pharyngeal tubercle | - Pharyngeal raphe
32
Middle pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachment
- Stylohyoid ligament | - Greater and lesser horns of hyoid
33
Middle pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachment
- Pharyngeal raphe
34
Two parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- Thyropharyngeal part | - Cricopharyngeal part
35
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor anterior attachments
- Thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeal part) - Cricoid cartilage (cricopharyngeal part; cricopharyngeus) - Pharyngo-esophageal jxn (upper esophageal sphincter
36
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor posterior attachments
- Pharyngeal raphe - Except for the cricopharyngeal part (forms a complete loop) - Muscles blend with opposite side
37
Constrictor muscles (superior, middle, inferior) function
- All constrict the pharynx during swallowing
38
Internal layer of pharyngeal muscles include
- Palatopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus
39
Palatopharyngeus attachments
- Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis | - Pharynx
40
Salpingopharyngeus attachments
- Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube | - Blends with palatopharyngeus into the pharyngeal muscles
41
Stylopharyngeus attachments
- Styloid process of temporal bone - Passes between superior and middle constrictors - Blends with other pharyngeal muscles
42
Internal layer of pharyngeal muscles function
- Elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing
43
Salpingopharyngeus (internal layer) function
- Salpingopharyngeus helps open cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing
44
Pharyngeal muscles innervation (all)
Pharyngeal plexus
45
Pharyngeal muscles motor innervation
- Vagus (CN X), except for stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
46
Pharyngeal muscles sensory innervation
- Glossopharyngeal, except for nasopharynx (CN V2) | - Branches from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
47
Blood supply of pharynx (branches of external carotid)
- Ascending pharyngeal artery - Tonsillar and ascending palatine arteries (branches of facial artery) - Thyroid arteries - Descending palatine arteries
48
Pharyngeal lymphatics (tonsillar ring) pathway
- Tubal tonsils - Pharyngeal tonsil - Palatine tonsils - Lingual tonsils
49
Pharyngeal lymphatics (tonsillar ring) all end up in
- Jugulodigastric node | - Other deep cervical nodes
50
Two responses of gag reflex
- Pharyngeal response (pharyngeal reflex) | - Palatal response (palatal reflex)
51
Gag reflex involves sensory stimulation of
- Pharyngeal wall - Posterior tongue - Tonsils - Arches - Soft palate
52
Gag reflex is examined by
- Touching posterior pharynx | - Watching for pharyngeal contraction and soft palate elevation
53
Gag reflex nerve stimulation order
- Glossopharyngeal or trigeminal nerves (afferent) - Medulla - Vagus nerve (efferent) - Palate and pharyngeal muscles
54
Loss of gag reflex may result from lesion of
- CN IX | - CN X
55
CN IX lesion (regarding gag reflex)
- Gag reflex not elicited when bad side is stimulated
56
CN X lesion (regarding gag reflex)
- Uvula deviates away from bad side (towards intact side)
57
Deglutition (swallowing)
- Part voluntary, part involuntary - Programmed motor behavior - Swallowing disorders can drastically impact quality of life
58
Oral phase of deglutition (swallowing)
- Chewing | - Formation of food bolus
59
Oral transit phase of deglutition (swallowing)
- Food bolus is compressed against palate and transferred to oropharynx
60
Pharyngeal phase (involuntary) of deglutition (swallowing)
- Soft palate seals off nasopharynx - Pharynx shortens and widens - Larynx and hyoid are pulled ant & sup by suprahyoid muscles - Glottis closes and epiglottis retroflexes over laryngeal inlet - Laryngeal inlet muscles contract - Pharyngeal contraction moves food toward esophagus
61
Esophageal phase of deglutition (swallowing)
- Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus) | - Sequential waves of esophageal muscle contraction
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