Gross Anatomy > Upper Extremity: Overview > Flashcards

Upper Extremity: Overview Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Layers of the skin

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
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2
Q

Deep fascia of upper limb

A
  • Pectoral fascia
  • Axillary fascia
  • Clavipectoral fascia
  • Deltoid fascia
  • Brachial fascia
  • Antebrachial fascia
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3
Q

Deep fascia of upper limb function

A
  • Can attach to bone
  • Covers muscle
  • Form intermuscular septa
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4
Q

Arterial supply/venous drainage

A
  • Deep to the deep fascia
  • Arteries and deep veins have the same name
  • Veins are next to artery (vena comitans)
  • Often duplicated (venae comitantes)
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5
Q

Arteries of upper limb

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
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6
Q

Superficial veins of upper limb

A
  • External to deep fascia: drain superficial structures

- Arise from dorsal venous network (hand)

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7
Q

Superficial veins of upper limb names

A
  • Cephalic vein
  • Basilic vein
  • Median cubital vein
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8
Q

Cephalic vein

A
  • Lateral side of forearm/arm
  • Leltopectoral groove
  • Pierces clavipectoral fascia in the deltopectoral triangle
  • Drains into the axillary vein
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9
Q

Basilic vein

A
  • Medial side of forearm/lower arm
  • Pierces brachial fascia around mid-arm
  • Joins brachial vein to form axillary vein
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10
Q

Median cubital vein

A
  • Connects cephalic and basilic veins
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11
Q

Superficial lymph drainage of upper limb

A
  • Most drain into lateral (humeral) axillary lymph nodes directly
  • Medial side of hand/forearm drains into the cubital lymph nodes
  • Lateral side can drain into deltopectoral and apical nodes bypassing humeral axillary nodes
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12
Q

Deep lymph drainage of upper limb

A
  • Drain into lateral (humeral) axillary lymph nodes
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13
Q

Scapular region lymph drainage

A
  • Posterior (subscapular) axillary lymph nodes
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14
Q

Pectoral region lymph drainage

A
  • Anterior (pectoral) axillary lymph nodes
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15
Q

C4 dermatome

A
  • Base of neck, superior shoulder
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16
Q

C5 dermatome

A
  • Upper lateral arm
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17
Q

C6 dermatome

A
  • Planar thumb pad (lateral forearm)
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18
Q

C7 dermatome

A
  • Middle finger pad (some sources say index also)
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19
Q

C8 dermatome

A
  • Little finger pad (medial forearm)
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20
Q

T1 dermatome

A
  • Medial elbow
  • Upper forearm
  • Lower arm
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21
Q

T2 dermatome

A
  • Upper arm

- Axilla

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22
Q

C5 myotome

A
  • Arm abduction
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23
Q

C6 myotome

A
  • Elbow flexion
  • Wrist extension
  • *C6 biker chicks**
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24
Q

C7 myotome

A
  • Elbow extension
  • Wrist flexion
  • Finger extension
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25
C8 myotome
- Finger flexion
26
T1 myotome
- Finger abduction/adduction
27
C4 myotome
- Major contributor to motor innervation of the diaphragm
28
C5,6 tendon reflex
- Biceps reflex | - Brachioradialis reflex
29
C7 tendon reflex
- Triceps reflex
30
Major nerves of the upper extremity
- Radian nerve - Ulnar nerve - Median
31
Peripheral nerve cutaneous innervation
- Axillary nerve - Radial nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve - Ulnar nerve - Median nerve
32
Pectoral region muscles
- Connect the pectoral girdle and humerus to the axial skeleton - Primarily function in moving the pectoral girdle and humerus
33
Anterior axio-appendicular muscles
- Pectoralis major - Pectoralis minor - Subclavius - Serratus anterior
34
Deltopectoral groove
- Between pectoralis major and deltoid - Cepahlic vein - Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery
35
Pectoral fascia
- Covers anterior and posterior of pectoralis major | - Becomes axillary fascia (floor of axilla)
36
Clavipectoral fascia
- Deep to pectoral fascia - Attaches to clavicle and envelopes subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles - Pierced by cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery, pectoral nerves - Costocoracoid ligament - Suspensory ligament of axilla below pec minor
37
Costocoracoid ligament
- Thickening between coracoid and 1st costochondral junction
38
Suspensory ligament of axilla below pec minor
- Connects to and supports axillary fascia
39
Pectoralis major
- 2 heads | - Forms anterior axillary fold
40
Pectoralis major proximal attachment
- Medial ½ clavicle - Anterior sternum - Upper 6 costal cartilages - Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
41
Pectoralis major distal attachment
- Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
42
Pectoralis major innervation
- Lateral (C5-7) and medial pectoral nerves (C8-T1)
43
Pectoralis major function
- Adduction - Medial rotation - Flexion
44
Pectoralis minor
- Deep to pec major - Important landmark (axillary artery, brachial plexus) - Subcoracoid space
45
Pectoralis minor proximal attachment
- Ribs 3-5
46
Pectoralis minor distal attachment
- Coracoid process
47
Pectoralis minor innervation
- Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
48
Pectoralis minor function
- Stabilize scapula - Pulls against thoracic wall (lateral angle moves inferiorly) - Accessory muscle of respiration
49
Subclavius proximal attachment
- 1st rib/costal cartilage jxn
50
Subclavius distal attachment
- Inferior, middle 1/3 of clavicle
51
Subclavius innervation
- Nerve to subclavius (C5)
52
Subclavius function
- Stabilize SC joint | - Depress clavicle
53
Serratus anterior
- Serrated appearance | - Boxer’s muscle
54
Serratus anterior proximal attachment
- Lateral aspect of ribs 1-8(9)
55
Serratus anterior distal attachment
- Distal attachment: anterior surface of medial scapular border
56
Serratus anterior innervation
- Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)
57
Serratus anterior function
- Scapular protraction and rotation | - Stabilizes against thorax
58
Long thoracic nerve
- Branch of the brachial plexus - Has a superficial location - Injured in: mastectomy, knife injury, chest tube
59
Long thoracic nerve injury
- Causes weakness or paralysis of serratus anterior | - Results in winging of the scapula, and difficulty with arm elevation (abduction)
60
Trapezius
- Named based on shape | - 3 divisions based on muscle fiber direction
61
Divisions of trapezius
- Superior (descending): elevation, rotation - Middle: retraction - Inferior (ascending): depression, rotation
62
Trapezius proximal attachment
- Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line - EOP (external occipital protuberance) - Nuchal ligament - SPs of C7-T12
63
Trapezius distal attachment
- Lateral 1/3 of clavicle - Acromion - Scapular spine
64
Trapezius innervation
- Spinal accessory nerve (motor) | - C3,4 spinal nerves (pain and proprioception)
65
Weakness or CN XI injury
- Shoulder drooping - Weakness in shrugging - Impaired abduction
66
Latissimus dorsi
- Expansive muscle | - Forms posterior axillary fold
67
Latissimus dorsi proximal attachment
- SPs of T7-L5 - Thoracolumbar fascia - Iliac crest - Ribs 10 to 12 (inferior 3 or 4 ribs) - Scapula (inferior angle)
68
Latissimus dorsi distal attachment
- Humerus (floor of intertubercular sulcus)
69
Latissimus dorsi innervation
- Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
70
Latissimus dorsi function
- Extends - Adducts - Medial rotation of humerus - Pull-up type motions
71
Levator scapulae proximal attachment
- Posterior tubercles of C1-4 TPs
72
Levator scapulae distal attachment
- Medial border of scapula (above scapular spine base)
73
Levator scapulae innervation
- Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5): motor | - C3,4: proprioception
74
Rhomboid major/minor
- 2 muscles: rhombus shaped
75
Rhomboid major proximal attachment
- T2-5 SPs
76
Rhomboid minor proximal attachment
- Nuchal ligament | - C7 and T1 SPs
77
Rhomboid major distal attachment
- Medial border of scapula | - Spine to inferior angle of scapula
78
Rhomboid minor distal attachment
- Medial border of scapula | - Base of scapular spine
79
Rhomboid major/minor innervation
- Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5): motor | - C3,4: proprioception
80
Rhomboid major/minor function
- Retract and rotate scapula | - Fix against thoracic wall
Gross Anatomy
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