Introduction

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

• Body erect, arms at the side, palms forward
• Feet shoulder width, parallel, toes forward
• Facing forward

Question 2

Anatomical Planes

Answer 2

• Median plane (median sagittal, midsagittal)
• Sagittal
• Frontal (coronal)
• Transverse

Question 3

Dermis

Answer 3

• Contains tension lines (Langer lines, cleavage lines)

- Natural orientation of collagen fibers in dermis

Question 4

Fascia

Answer 4

• Connective tissue that surrounds organs, muscles, vessels, etc.
• “Wrapping and packing” material
• Create compartments and boundaries
• Limit spread of infection and cancer

Question 5

Superficial Fascia

Answer 5

• Less dense connective tissue
• Deep to dermis
• Larger fat content vs. deep fascia

Question 6

Deep/Investing Fascia

Answer 6

• Deep to subcutaneous tissue
• Typically denser than superficial fascia
• Forms fascial compartments
• Intermuscular septa

Question 7

Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Systems

Answer 7

• Intrinsic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 8

Skeletal Muscle System

Answer 8

• Somatic nervous system

Question 9

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

• Attached to bone or something else via organized collagen (tendon, aponeurosis, epimysium)

Question 10

Muscle Bellies/Heads

Answer 10

• Contractile portion

- Can have more than one

Question 11

Lymphatic System

Answer 11

• Interconnected network of channels;
• Superficial and deep
• Found in most areas of the body
• Coalesce to form lymph trunks and ducts
• Eventually drains into venous system

Question 12

Lymphatic System Function

Answer 12

• Returns fluid and extracellular protein to circulation
• Part of immune defense system
• Fat absorption and transport

Question 13

Lymph Nodes

Answer 13

• Small encapsulated structures
• Part of immune system
• Filters

Question 14

Clinical Importance of Lymph Nodes

Answer 14

• Sites of metastasis
• Body regions are associated with groups of lymph nodes
• Some are accessible to palpation

Question 15

Axial Skeletal System

Answer 15

• Skull
• Ribs sternum
• Vertebral column

Question 16

Appendicular Skeletal System

Answer 16

• Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles

- Limb bones

Question 17

Bone

Answer 17

• Covered with periosteum (except where there is cartilage, tendon/ligament attachment
• Compact vs. spongy (trabecular)
• Supplied by nutrient arteries

Question 18

Bone Attachment Points for Muscle and Tendons, Ligaments, and Fascia

Answer 18

• Tubercle
• Process
• Line

Question 19

Bone Openings

Answer 19

• Foramen
• Canal
• Meatus

Question 20

Cartilage

Answer 20

• Elastic cartilage
• Fibrocartilage (pubic symphasis and IVD)
• Hyaline (costal cartilage and articular cartilage)

Question 21

Synarthrosis

Answer 21

• No bone movement

Question 22

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 22

• Slightly movable bone

Question 23

Diarthrosis

Answer 23

• Freely movable bone

Question 24

Fibrous Joints

Answer 24

• United by fibrous connective tissue

Question 25

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 25

- United by cartilage

Question 26

Synovial Joints

Answer 26

- Multiple characteristics

Question 27

Arterial Supply to Joints

Answer 27

- Articular branches from neighboring vessels - Periarticular anastomoses - Constant blood supply, regardless of position

Question 28

Nerve Supply to Joints

Answer 28

- Articular branches

Question 29

Hilton's Law

Answer 29

- Nerve supplying a joint also supplies muscles moving the joint and skin over distal muscle attachment

Question 30

Fibrous Joints

Answer 30

- No joint cavity - Bones united by fibrous CT - Length of fibers determines movement allowed

Question 31

Types of Fibrous Joints

Answer 31

- Suture - Gomphosis - Syndesmosis

Question 32

Suture Joint

Answer 32

- Fibrous joint, synarthrosis (adult)

Question 33

Gomphosis Joint

Answer 33

- Fibrous joint, synarthrosis | - Ex: tooth and jaw alveolar process

Question 34

Syndesmosis Joint

Answer 34

- Fibrous, amphiarthrosis | - Ex: radioulnar syndesmosis

Question 35

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 35

- Lacks joint cavity | - Bones united by cartilage

Question 36

Synchondroses Joints

Answer 36

- United by hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous joint) - Usually temporary - Examples: growth plates, 1st rib/manubrium, synarthrosis

Question 37

Symphysis Joints

Answer 37

- United by fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous joint) - IVD and pubic symphysis - Amphiarthrosis

Question 38

Synchondrosis Joint

Answer 38

- Cartilaginous joint (hyaline)

Question 39

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 39

- Synchondroses - Symphysis - Synchondrosis

Question 40

Synovial Joints

Answer 40

- All are diarthrosis joints - Articular capsule, 2 layers: outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane (secretes fluid) - Synovial cavity - Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers ends of bones - Accessory ligaments, articular discs, bursae

Question 41

Types of Diarthrotic (Synovial) Joints

Answer 41

- Ball and socket (spheroid) - Ellipsoidal (condyloid) - Gliding (planar) - Hinge (ginglymus) - Pivot (trochoid) - Saddle (sellaris)