HOA 2 Flashcards by Candice Mae Pableo

An advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of autumnal, technical, and political development

CIVILIZATION

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An enduring and cooperating large-scale community of people having common tradition s, institutions, and identity, whose members have developed collective interests and beliefs through intereaction with one another

SOCIETY

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the integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors, built-up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to the next

CULTURE

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An ancient region in western Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians (now part of Iraq)

MESOPOTAMIA

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An agricultural region arching from the eastern shores of the Meditteranean Sea in the west to Iraq in the east, the location of humankind’s earliest cultures

FERTILE CRESCENT

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What are the three early known types of architecture?

DWELLINGS, RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS, BURIAL GROUNDS

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What is the earliest form of dwelling?

ROCK CAVES

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A small, simple dwelling or shelter, esp. one made of natural materials

HUT

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A primitive form of shelter consisting of a pit excavated in the earth and roofed over

PIT DWELLING/PIT HOUSE

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A dwelling, esp. of prehistoric times, built on piles or other supports over the water of a lake

LAKE DWELLING

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A circular, tentlike dwelling of the Mongol nomads of Central Asia, consisting of a cylindrical wall of poles in a lattice arrangement with a conical roof of poles, both covered by felt or animal skin

YURT

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A tent of the American Indians, made usually from animal skins laid on a conical frame of long pores and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door

TEPEE

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An American Indian dwelling, usually of round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins

WIGWAM

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A temporary dured hut of red cedar and grass used by northeastern North American tribes

WETU

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A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod

HOGAN

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A communal dwelling characteristic of many early cultures, esp. that of the Iroquois and various other North American Indian peoples, consisting of a wooden, bark-covered framework

LONGHOUSE

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A pole or post carved and painted with totemic figures, erected by Indians of the northwest coast of North America, esp. in front of their houses

TOTEM POLE

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A large, usually rectangular house constructed of timber planks built and used by Indians, and less frequently, by Eskimos

PLANK HOUSE

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An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone

IGLOO

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A circular stone shelter of the Apulia region of Southern Italy, roofed with conical constructions of corbeled dry masonry, usually whitewashed and painted with figures or symbols

TRULLO

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A dry stone hut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the southwestern Irish seaboard

BEEHIVE HUT/CLOCHAN

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What are the three major cities of Sumer?

ERIDU, URUK, & UR

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A cave on Lascaux, France containing wall paintings and engravings thought to date from c. 13,000-8,500 BCE

LASCAUX CAVE

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A neolothic settlement in Anatolia, one of the earliest cities which has mud-brick fortifications and houses, frescoed shrines, a fully developed agriculture, and extensive trading in obsidian

CATAL HUYUK

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What are the three perods during the stone age?

PALEOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC

The earliest known period of human history characterized by the use of stone implements and weapons

STONE AGE

A period of human history characterized by the cultivation of grain crops, domestication of animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles,nand use of polished stone implements

NEOLITHIC

A period of human history characterized by the use of bronze implements

BRONZE AGE

An isolated single upright stone monument

MONOLITH/MENHIR

A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others

MENHIR

A religious monument composed of several number of stones

MEGALITHIC

A heap of stones piled up as a monument, tombstone, or landmark

CAIRN/CARN

What monument is composed of 2 or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab?

DOLMEN

What monument is composed of 3 or more upright stones capped by an unchain flat stone?

CROMLECH

What is a circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound?

CROMLECH

Two upright megaliths supporting a horizontal stone

TRILITHON/TRILITH

What is an artificial mound of earth or stone, esp. one over an ancient grave?

TUMULUS/BARROW

A megalithic tomb of the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages consisting of a roofed burial chamber and narrow entrance passage, covered by a tumulus, believed to have been used for successive family or clan burials spanning a number of generations

PASSAGE GRAVE/CHAMBER GRAVE

A circular arrangement of vertically oriented wooden posts or stones

HENGE

A megalithic monument erected in the early Bronze Age, c. 2700 BCE, on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone; believed to have been used by a sun cult or for astronomical observations

STONEHENGE

A tomb of the Aegean civilizations,consisting of a deep rectangular cut into sloping rock and a roof of timber or stone

SHAFT GRAVE

A stone-built tomb of the Mycenaean civilization consisting of a circular chamber covered by a corbeled dome and entered by a wall passage thrpugh a hillside

BEEHIVE TOMB/THOLOS TOMB

a long, deep passageway into an ancient subterranean tomb

DROMOS

A temple tower in Sumerian and Assyrian architecture built in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt brick, culminating in a summit shrine or templereached by a series of ramps

ZIGGURAT

Ziggurat of Ur is dedicated to what diety?

MOON GOD, NANNA

The monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions, that guarded the entrances to Mesopotamian palaces and temples

LAMASSU

What do you call the palace proper of palaces in an Assyrian palace?

SERAGLIO

What do you call the private chamber of palaces in an Assyrian palace?

HARAM

What do you call the service chamber of palaces in an Assyrian palace?

KHAN

What do you call the main gate of the city of Babylon dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar made of blue glazed bricks?

ISHTAR GATE

A palace complex founded by Darius I and seat of the Persian empire

PERSEPOLIS

This houses the four tombs carve into caves high up on the stone cliffs during the Achaemenid dynasty

NAQSH-E ROSTAM NECROPOLIS

The architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in Northwest Africa, characterized by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan, with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers

MASTABA

A small chamber inside a mastaba containing a statue of the deceased

SERDAB

What architecture characterizes the use of animal skin, wooden frames, and animal bones, featuring megalithic construction system or excavating caves?

PRE-HISTORIC

What architecture characterizes the use of mud bricks from clay soil and rushes?

NEAR-EAST ARCHITECTURE / MESOPOTAMIAN

What is the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom?

MEMPHIS

Who is the first pharaoh to order the construction of a step pyramid?

KING DJOSER

Consider the earliest known architect

IMHOTEP

Any of the rulers of ancient Egypt who were believed to be divine and had absolute power

PHARAOH

A historic burial ground, especially a large elaborate one in an ancient city

NECROPOLIS

A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four-smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex, used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh

PYRAMID

A narrow rock-cut corridor in an ancient Egyptian tomb

SYRINX

A raised passageway ceremonially connecting the valley temple with an ancient Egyptian pyramid

CAUSEWAY

A concave molding having an outline that approximates a quarter circle

CAVETTO

A characteristic cornice of Egyptian buildings consisting of a large cavetto decorated with vertical leaves and a roll molding below

CAVETTO CORNICE / EGYPTIAN GORGE

A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk commonly placed on avenues leading to ancient Egyptian temples or tombs

SPHINX

Who constructed the bent pyramid?

SNEFERU

Who built the Great Pyramid of Giza?

KING KHUFU

The founder of the Middle Kingdom; developed the third type of tomb (rock-cut tomb)

MENTUHOTEP II

A tomb hewn out of the native rock presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars

ROCK-CUT TOMB

Who erected the earliest known obelisk?

SENUSRET

A tall four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, originating in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun god Ra, and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances

OBELISK

Who founded the Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak, grandest of all temples?

AMENEMHET I

What is the capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom?

THEBES

Who began the addition to the temple of Ammon Kharnak?

THUTMOSE I

What type of stone are limestone, sandstone, and alabaster in Egyptian architecture?

SOFT STONE

What type of stone are granite, quartzite, basalt porphyry in Egyptian architecture?

HARDSTONE

What is the largest pyramid in the Great Pyramid?

KHUFU/CHEOPS

What is second largest pyramid in the Great Pyramid?

KHAFRE/CHEFREN

What is the smallest pyramid in the Great Pyramid?

MENKAURE/MYKIRENOS

A monumental gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple, consisting either of a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them or of one such masonry mass pierced with a doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs

PYLON

A freestanding gateway having the form of a pylon and preceding the main gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple or sacred enclosure

PROPYLON

An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of a diety

TEMPLE

A sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a man

ANDROSPHINX

A sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a ram

CRIOSPHINX

A sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of a falcon or hawk

HEIRACOSPHINX

A large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a clerestory, prevalent in Ancient Egyptian and Achaemenid architecture

HYPOSTYLE HALL

An ancient Egyptian column incorporating the sculptured figure of Osiris, the Egyptian god of death and ressurection

OSIRIAN COLUMN

Noting an ancient Egyptian column having it capital the head of Hathor, Egyptian goddess of love and happiness, often represented with the head or horns of a cow

HATHOR-HEADED/HATHORIC

An ancient Egyptian capital shaped like of the crown of a palm tree

PALM CAPITAL

An ancient Egyptian capital having the shape of a lotus bud

LOTUS CAPITAL

What civilization is developed in the rainforest of Mexico and Central America?

MAYA

What civilization is developed in the Andes mountains of Peru ?

INCA

What the civilization is from a nomadic tribe in Northern Mexico?

AZTEC

What civilization is developed in the rainforest of Mexico and Central America?

MAYA

What is an ancient Mayan city "at the mountain of the well of the Itza"?

CHICHEN ITZA

What architecture features mudbrick construction, tile, relief sculpture in animal and human form, and load-bearing construction (i.e. ziggurat)?

MESOPOTAMIAN/ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST

What architecture features massive and monumental structures, mud brick, limestone, sandstone, granite, post-and-lintel construction, load-bearing construction, relief sculpture, and hieroglyphs?

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

What architecture features monolithic structures, mud brick, carved stone, rectilinear and trapezoidal apertures, load bearing construction, urban civilizations, astronomical alignments, ceremonial buildings?

PRE-COLUMBIAN ARCHITECTURE

What is an ancient Inca City perched high in the Andes mountains considered a royal estate, the siting of the city and its important buildings relates to views towards sacred mountains and cardinal orientation, buildings were made of stone with no mortar set between them and wedge together tightly providing flexibility and stability in an area rife with seismic activity where farming was done on the surrounding man-made terraces on the mountainside?

MACHU PICCHU

What do you call the inward sloping wall of the Aztec civilization?

TALUD

What temple is thought to be dedicated to Huitzilopachtli and Tialoc with one large staircase to the temple at the top?

SANTA CECILIA ACATITLAN

What do you call the protruding top tier that extends over the edge of the sloping wall much like a table top of the Aztec civilization?

TABLERO

"The City of the Gods"

TEOTIHUACAN

What is the largest building in Teotihuacan?

PYRAMID OF THE SUN

What structures did the Maya built for their gods?

PYRAMIDS

What did the Maya build on top of their pyramids?

TEMPLE

What is the largest city during the Aegean period of Greek architecture?

KNOSSOS

What period of the Greek architecture features low pitch or flat roof on multi-story structures, stairways were developed for vertical circulation, rough and massive, and the principal building type are the Megaron and Palaces?

AGEAN PERIOD

What period of the Greek architecture features simplicity and harmony, purity of lines, perfection of proportions, refinement of details, carpentry in marbles, and the chief building type are temples?

HELLENIC PERIOD

What period of the Greek architecture features symmetry and order and the chief Building type are civic structures?

HELLENISTIC PERIOD

What do you call a city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher ground than the surrounding urban fabric?

ACROPOLIS

Refers to a picture gallery in Greek architecture

PINACOTHECA

Refers to a sculpture gallery in Greek architecture

GLYPTHOHECA

What is a civic square, square city or marketplace, which is the center of Greek political business and economic life?

AGORA

What do you call a place for physical exercise of the Greeks?

GYMNASIUM

What do you call the entrance gateways which marked the approach to the sacred enclosure in many cities in Greece?

PROPYLAEA

What do you call a foot race course in Greek architecture?

STADIUM

What is a covered walkway or porticos, commonly for public usage in Greek architecture?

STOA

What is an open-air structure, which consisted of an orchestra, auditorium, or out of the slope hillside, in or near the city?

THEATER

What is the plan for Greek temples?

RECTANGULAR

What is the principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess, with porticoes and collonades?

NAOS/CELLA

What is the inner portico in front of the naos?

PRONAOS/ANTICUM

What is the room behind the naos?

EPINAOS/OPISTHODOMOS/POSTICUM

How many columns in a sistyle?

2 columns

How many columns in a tetrastyle?

4 columns

How many columns in a hexastyle?

6 columns

How many columns in an octastyle?

8 columns

How many columns in a decastyle?

10 columns

What do you call a temple having 2 rows of columns on all sides?

DIPTERAL

What do you call a temple having 1 row of columns on all sides?

PERIPTERAL

What is a rectangular pier or pilaster formed by thickening the end of a projecting wall?

ANTA

What is a circular building having a single row of columns surrounding a central structure or a courtyard?

MONOPTERON / MONOPTEROS

What do you call a temple having a portico on the front only?

PROSTYLE

What do you call a temple having a portico on both fronts?

AMPHIPROSTYLE

What do you call a temple with no colonnade along the sides?

APTERAL

What type of temple is the parthenon?

DORIC TEMPLE IN OCTASTYLE PERIPTERAL DESIGN

What is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders, characterized by fluted columns having no base, plain cushion-shaped capital supporting a square abacus and an entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona of which has mutules on its soffit?

DORIC

What classical order is characterized by the spiral volutes in its capital, fluted columns having molded bases, an architrave of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg-and-dart and dentil moldings?

IONIC

What classical order is similar in most respects to Ionic order but is the most ornate characterized by a deep bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves and an abacus with concave sides?

CORINTHIAN

What intercolumniation is 1 1/2 diameters?

PYCNOSTYLE

What intercolumniation is 2 diameters?

SYSTYLE

What intercolumniation is 2 1/2 diameters?

EUSTYLE

What intercolumniation is 3 diameters?

DIASTYLE

What intercolumniation is 4 diameters?

ARAEOSTYLE

What is the sculptured male figure used as a column?

ATLAS/TELAMON

what is a covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils, "Council House"?

BOULEUTERION

what is a sculptured female figure used as a column?

CARYATIDS/CANEPHORAE

what is an open-air stadium with an oval track for horse and chariot races in Greek architecture?

HIPPODROME

what is a theater building used mainly by musicians in the presentation of their works for competition and for public approval?

ODEION

What is a classical order of Roman origin, basically a simplified Roman Doric characterized by an unfluted column and a plain and simple base, capital, and entablature?

TUSCAN

What is a classical Roman order, basically a modified Corinthian order, characterived by fluted columns, a capital with both volutes and acanthus leaves, a base, and an entablature with dentils?

COMPOSITE

What vault has a semicircular cross section, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length?

BARREL/CRADLE/TUNNEL/WAGON VAULT

What vault is formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, forming arched diagonal arrises called groins?

GROIN/CROSS VAULT

What vault is used over circular structures?

HEMISPHERICAL VAULT

What concrete wall is made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps?

OPUS QUADRATUM

what concrete wall is made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling the polygonal work?

OPUS INCERTIUM

What concrete wall is made up of fine joints wherein diagonal lines loo klike the mesh of a net?

OPUS RECTICALUM

What concrete wall is made up of triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the wall?

OPUS TESTACEUM

What concrete wall consists of bands of "tufa" introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with, small square stone blocks?

OPUS MIXTUM / OPUS VAGECUM/OPUS COMPOSITUM

What is a public square or marketplace of an ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and business affairs, and a place of assembly for the people?

FORUM

what is the oldest forum?

FORUM ROMANUM

What is the largest forum?

FORUM OF TRAJAN

What is a large oblong building used as a hall of justice and public meeting place in ancient Rome?

BASILICA

what building served as a model for early Christian basilicas?

ROMAN BASILICA

What is an elaborate public bathing establishment of the ancient Greeks and Romans?

THERMAE

what is the warm room in a thermae called?

TEPIDARIUM

What is the hot room in a thermae called?

CALDARIUM

What is the cooling room in a thermae called?

FRIGIDARIUM

What is a moist sweating room in a thermae called?

SUDATORIUM

What is a sweating room in a thermae called?

LACONICUM

What is a room for physical exercise in a thermae called?

PALAESTRA

What is a place for oils and perfumes in a thermae called?

UNCTUARIA

What is a game room in a thermae called?

SPAERESTERIUM

what thermae has the largest capacity about 3,000 bathers?

THERMAE OF DIOCLETIAN

what thermae has a capacity of 1,600 bathers?

THERMAE CARACALLA

What is a private bath in Roman palaces and houses containing tepidarium, caldarium, and frigidarium?

BALNEUM

What is an oval or round building with tiers of seats around a central arena used for gladiatorial contests and spectacles?

AMPHITHEATER

What is a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing in Rome?

CIRCUS

what is a smooth channel lined with hard cement and carried on arches in several tiers used for water supply?

AQUEDUCT

What is a monumental memorial arch erected to commemorate victorius campaigns of the emperors and generals?

TRIUMPHAL ARCH

what is erected to celebrate naval victories in Rome?

ROSTRAL COLUMNS

what is a private house called in Roman architecture?

DOMUS

What is a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens, colonnades, palaestra, theaters, and thermae?

VILLA

What building is usually erected over the burial place of the saint whom it was dedicated, its primary purpose was to shelter the worshipers?

BASILICA

What is a multiple storey tenement, also called "Workmen's dwelling"?

INSULA

What are converted residential buildings used for secret worship before legalization of Christianity?

DOMUS ECCLESIAE (HOUSE CHURCHES)

What is a passageway around the base of the church?

AMBULATORY

What is a semicircular end housing the altar and the cathedra?

APSE

What is an open rectangular forecourt surrounded by arcades which formed as the approach to the church with a fountain at the center?

ATRIUM

What do you call the stage reserved for the clergy?

BEMA

What do you call the windows above the aisles to bring in light?

CLERESTORY

What is a raised platform reserve for the sitting of speakers or dignitaries?

DAIS

What is the portion of a church crossing the main axis at the right angle and forming a cruciform plan?

TRANSEPT

What is the entrance of vestibule area located at the Western end of the church just before entering the nave?

NARTHEX

What is the main worship space of early Christian churches, also the central hall for congregation?

NAVE

What is the roof over the aisles below the clerestory?

TRIFORIUM

At which city did Constantine the Great change the capital of the Roman Empire?

CONSTANTINOPLE (Ancient Greek name: BYZANTIUM)

Refers to the building style that evolved under the eastern Roman blending Roman engineering, Christian symbolism, and eastern decorative influences

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

What architectural style is characterized by masonry construction, rounded arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, colored glass mosaics, and marble revetments to cover whole interiors?

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

What is a spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure?

PENDENTIVE

What building is considered perfection of the Byzantine style?

HAGIA SOPHIA

What is any place of worship without a permanent congregation and without a pastor or priest?

CHAPEL

What is any place of worship with a permanent congregation and is run by a pastor or priest?

CHURCH

What is a principal church in a diocese, area of land with a bishop's jurisdiction, named after the "cathedra" ?

CATHEDRAL

What is a place of worship for the Pope which can be classified as major or minor?

BASILICA

What is the highest ranking Catholic church and only archbasilica in the world since it holds the pope's cathedra?

ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN

What is the largest church in the world and has the largest interior of any Christian church built over the burial place of St. Peter?

PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. PETER

What church is considered "Mother Church"?

ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN

What church is built over the burial place of St. Paul?

PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS

What is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary believed to house relics of the Holy Crib?

PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. MARY MAJOR / BASILICA DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE

What are the four personal churches of the Pope found in and around Rome?

ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. PETER PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS PAPAL BASILICA OF ST. MARY MAJOR

What architectural style is characterized by heavy articulated masonry construction, with narrow openings, the use of the round arch and barrel vault, the development of the vaulting rib and shaft, and the introduction of Central and Western towers for churches?

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

What is a space, area, or separate building of a church or cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place?

BAPTISTERY

What do you call a bell tower, freestanding or attached to a building in Romanesque architecture?

CAMPANILE

What is a cemetery surrounded by a colonnade?

CAMPOSANTO

what is another name for Gothic architecture?

STYLE OGIVALE

What architectural style is characterized by progressive lightening and heightening of structures made possible by flying buttresses, use of pointed arch and ribbed vault, and richly decorated fenestration?

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE / STYLE OGIVALE

Before getting its name as "Gothic", what is its name?

FRENCH STYLE (OPUS FRANCIGENUM)

what is a vault constructed of structural arched stone members or ribs with an infill of masonry?

RIBBED VAULT

What period of Gothic architecture uses lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery?

EARLY ENGLISH GOTHIC

What period of Gothic architecture uses rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, refined stone-cutting techniques, more geometrical and curvilinear?

DECORATED ENGLISH GOTHIC

What period of Gothic architecture uses perpendicular tracery (use of lacework of vertical glazing bars), fine intricate stonework, and elaborate fan vaults?

PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH GOTHIC

What period of French Gothic architecture uses lancettes, pointed arches, and geometric traceried window?

LANCETTE FRENCH GOTHIC (PRIMARIE)

What period of French Gothic architecture uses rayonnant, circular windows, and wheel tracery?

RAYONNANT FRENCH GOTHIC (SECONDAIRE)

What period of French Gothic architecture uses flamboyant, flowing, flamelike tracery?

FLAMBOYANT FRENCH GOTHIC (TERTIAIRIE)

What architectural style is characterized by the revival of classical antiquity and reinterpretation of Greek and Roman design?

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

What period of the Renaissance is characterized by the revival of classical orders, perspective and proportion, geometric forms, and symmetry and human scale?

EARLY RENAISSANCE

What period of the Renaissance is characterized by classical harmony and balance, monumentality, centralized church plans, and integration of domes with structures?

HIGH RENAISSANCE

What period of the Renaissance is characterized by altered classical rules, distorted proportions, complex, dynamic compositions, and emotional and dramatic effects?

LATE RENAISSANCE / MANNERISM

What movement isgeared towards gandeur and theatricality through the use of light and shadow qnd curved and dynamic spaces?

BAROQUE

Who is the original architect of Basilica di San Pietro?

DONATO BRAMANTE

Who formulated the Greek cross design with entrances at East end of the Basilica di San Pietro?

DONATO BRAMANTE

Who altered the original Greek cross plan into a Latin cross of the Basilica di San Pietro?

GUILIANO DA SANGALLO, GIOVANNI GIOCONDO (FRA GIOCONDO), RAPAHEL SANTI

Who was able to bring back the construction of Basilica di San Pietro to the original plan, after its change to a Latin cross?

BALDASSARE PERUZZI

Who proposed the central dome and lofty campanili of the Basilica di San Pietro?

ANTONIO DA SANGALLO (SANGALLO THE YOUNGER)

Who restored the design back to a Greek cross and planned and commenced the construction of the great dome of the Basilica di San Pietro??

MICHELANGELO BOUNARUOTTI

Who was able to execute the technicality of Michelangelo's plans of the Basilica di San Pietro?

GIACOMO DELLA PORTA

Who added the cupolas on either side of the great dome of the Basilica di San Pietro?

BAROCCHIO DA VIGNOLA

Who lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and erected the present facade of the Basilica di San Pietro?

CARLO MADERNA

Who erected the fourfold colonnades enclosing the piazza and erected the baldachino under the dome of the Basilica di San Pietro?

GIAN LORENZO BERNINI

What architectural style characterizes the use of modern techniques and materials to create a feeling of an ancient building, more concerned with a visual expression of the building rather than its physical components, and provides a link between tradition and modern architecture?

REVIVALISM

What architectural style is an eclectic mix of Greek, Roman, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque Architectural elements, introduced widespread use of the modern materials of iron and glass, utilizes layered facades rich with adornment and largely implemented through the design of civic buildings?

BEAUX ARTS

What architectural style is led by artist craftsman William Morris, architect Philip Webb, and writer John Ruskin, characterized with decorated repeating stylized floral patterns?

ARTS & CRAFT MOVEMENT

Refers to the selection of elements from diverse styles of architectural decorative designs and combining these and styles; different historical styles combined

ECCLECTICISM

A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters/architects, abolishes all styles and liberate art from representation and individual expression, inspired by the destruction of World War I, typically including vertical and horizontal straight lines, rectangle and squares, and the use of primary colors along with black and white?

DE STIJL

Who is the principal founder of De Stijl?

THEO VAN DOESBURG

Where did De Stijl originated?

NETHERLANDS

Reinforced concrete is first used by?

AUGUSTE PERRET

What architectural style is a response to the audacity and extremes of the Baroque and Rococo styles?

CLASSICAL REVIVAL

What architectural style is a departure from the classical styles of the time and sought to return to the lost traditions of medieval architecture?

GOTHIC REVIVAL

What architectural style is an eclectic mix of Greek, Roman, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architectural elements?

BEAUX ARTS

Refers to the selection of elements from diverse styles of architectural decorative designs, different historical styles combined

ECCLECTICISM

What change in society helped prompt the rise of eclecticism and architecture?

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What are the traditional color scheme in De Stijl Art?

PRIMARY COLORS, BLACK, & WHITE

What movement believes in craftsmanship which stresses the inherent beauty of the material, the importance of nature as inspiration, and the value of simplicity, unity, and beauty?

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMEMENT

What movement believes that there is no border between artist and craftsman, no distinction between the applied and fine arts, and favored function and mass production?

BAUHAUS

What movement believe that all crafts (including art, architecture, and geometric design) could be brought together and mass produced?

BAUHAUS

What movement emphasized the importance of fine craftsmanship as opposed to mass produced items?

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT

What architectural style uses long, sinuous, organic lines emphasizing craftsmanship over industrialization and the liberal combination of materials: ironwork, glass, ceramic, and brickwork?

ART NOUVEAU

What architectural style is less whimsical and more practical than art nouveau, focuses on symmetry and sharp angles, and is a new way to present traditional shapes?

ART DECO

What architectural style is more minimalist, rejects ornament, and uses new and innovative technologies of construction?

MODERNISM

What architectural style is characterized by irreverent playfulness, complexity, and whimsy, variety of materials and shapes, valued sculptural forms over rigid clean lines, and lots of symbolism with multiple meanings?

POST MODERNISM

What architectural style is considered as the high point of modernist architecture, indifferent to location, site, and climate, solutions are universally applicable, and made no reference to local history or national vernacular?

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

What are the five points of architecture?

PILOTIS FREE GROUND PLAN / OPEN PLAN FREE FACADE HORIZONTAL WINDOW/ RIBBON WINDOW ROOF GARDEN

In the Indus valley, who are the kings ruling the cities?

PRIESTS

In the Caste system of India, what do you call the intellectual and spiritual leaders?

BRAHMAN

In the Caste system of India, What do you call the protectors in public servants of society?

KSHATRIYA

In the Caste system of India, What do you call the skillful producers?

VAISHYA

In the Caste system of India, What do you call the unskilled laborers?

SHUDRA

In the Caste system of India, What do you call the untouchables which include various low status persons and those outside the caste system?

DALIT

Where does artisans, laborers, and servants fall under the caste system of India?

SHUDRA

Where does merchants, traders, and farmers fall under the caste system of India?

VAISHYA

Where does the rulers, military leaders, and large landowners fall under the caste system of India?

KSHATRIYA

Where does the Hindu priests, advisors, and intellectual leaders fall under the caste system of India?

BRAHMAN

A Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of Buddha and to commemorate some event or mark a sacred spot

STUPA/TOPE

A stupa in Ceylon

DAGORA

A stupa in Tibet and Nepal

CHORTEN

An umbrella-shaped finial symbolizing dignity composed of a stone disc on a vertical pole crowning the stupa

CHATTRI

An elaborately carved ceremonial gateway in Indian Buddhist and Hindu architecture having two or three lintels between two posts surrounding the stupa

TORANA

A square railing representing the world mountain atop a stupa

HARMIKA

A circular terrace enclosed by a railing surrounding the dome of a stupa

MEDHI

A railing enclosing a sacred area, as that of a stupa

VEDIKA

The Central hemispherical structure on a base, with a relic chamber deep within, as that of a stupa

DOME (ANDA)

A tower of a Hindu temple usually tapered convexly and capped by an amalaka

SIKHARA/SIKRA

The womb chamber: the dark innermost sanctuary of a Hindu temple where the statue of the diety is placed

GARBHA GRIHA

A large, porchlike hall leading to a Hindu temple and used for religious dancing and to music

MANDAPA

In which part of India is the sikhara in a curved outline?

NORTH INDIA

In which part of India is the sikhara a pyramid shape?

SOUTH INDIA

A freestanding monumental pillar in Indian architecture, bearing carved inscriptions, religious emblems, or a statue

STAMBHA

A Buddhist monastery in Indian architecture often excavated from solid rock

VIHARA

A Buddhist shrine in India usually carved out of solid rock on a hillside, having the form of an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end

CHAITYA

Refers to a Hindu temple

MANDIRA

In Chinese architecture, what religion influences the imperial style of buildings?

BUDDHISM

In Chinese architecture, what religion influences common buildings?

TAOISM

A Buddhist temple in the form of a square or polygonal tower with roofs projecting from each of its many stories, erected as a memorial or to hold relics

PAGODA

A pagoda in Chinese architecture

A bracket system used in traditional Chinese construction to support roof beams, project the eaves outward, and support the interior ceiling

DOUGONG

A monumental gateway in Chinese architecture having a trabeated form of stone or wood construction with one, three, or five openings, and often bold projecting roofs erected as a memorial at the entrance to a palace, tomb, or sacred place

PAILOU

What type of roof is reserved for most important buildings in Chinese architecture?

HIP/DOUBLE HIP

What type of roof is for temples or mansions of secondary importance or for high ranking officials in Chinese architecture?

GABLE/DOUBLE GABLE

What type of roof is used for garden structures in Chinese architecture?

PYRAMID ROOF

What type of roof is for workers houses in Chinese architecture?

FLUSH GABLE

What type of roof is for Gardens of Summer Houses and side halls in Chinese architecture?

ROUND RIDGE

In the roof decoration of Chinese architecture, what is placed always at the front?

HEAVENLY BEING

In the roof decoration of Chinese architecture, what is second in line and consider the most honorable of heavenly beasts?

FLYING DRAGON

In the roof decoration of Chinese architecture, what is third in line and the king of all birds?

PHOENIX

In the roof decoration of Chinese architecture, what mythical beast is fourth in line and king of all animals?

LION

In the roof decoration of Chinese architecture, What is fifth in line capable of traveling long distances?

HEAVENLY HORSE

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, what beast is sixth in line full of courage and power?

AUSPICIOUS SEAHORSE

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, what is 7th in line and considered the incarnation of the dragon's offspring?

MYTHICAL LION (SUANNI)

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, what is 8th in line and is capable of summoning the winds and storms?

WIND & STORM FISH

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, What is 9th in line and is a righteous animal keen to attack liars and dishonest people?

GOAT-BULL

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, what is 10th in line and dispels evil and eats clouds to exhale mist?

EVIL BULL

In the roof decoration in Chinese architecture, what is 11th in line and traditionally called the son of thunder, this beast is closest to the top of the roof and is only present in the Hall of Supreme Harmony?

IMMORTAL GUARDIAN

What architecture has belief in the concept of ma (negative space), wherein objects are placed very far apart believed to encourage creativity?

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

What Japanese furniture is made of woven straw and could be arranged in multiple ways?

TATAMI MAT

What Japanese furniture is a chest, with doors and drawers, used for clothing storage?

TANSU

What Japanese furniture is used in the kitchen, had sliding doors to hide utensils and dishes?

MIZUYA

What Japanese furniture is a storage chest in the shape of a staircase?

KAIDAN TANSU

What is the primary construction material in Chinese architecture?

WOOD

A Japanese pagoda in shining Buddhist holy relics

Japanese temple are called?

TERA / JI / IN

Japanese shrines are called?

JINGU / JINJA / TAISHA

In Japanese architecture, what religion influences their temples?

BUDDHISM

In Japanese architecture, what religion influences their shrines?

SHINTO

A monumental freestanding gateway on the approach to a Shinto shrine, consisting of two pillars connected at the top by a horizontal crosspiece and a lintel above it, usually curving upward

TORII

what architectural style is characterized by heavy timber construction, mortise and tenon construction, curved and upturned roof lines, rooftop statuary, lion statues at temple and palace entrances, glazed roof tiles, and system of bright colors?

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

What is the clearest, identifying feature of chinese architecture?

ROOF

What are often hung at roof corners and provided a harmonious sound while warding off evil?

BELLS

In the Temple of Heaven, what represents earth?

SQUARE

What is the largest building in the Temple of Heaven compound?

THE HALL OF PRAYER FOR GOOD HARVEST

In the Temple of Heaven, what represents heaven?

CIRCLE

what do you call the main entry of the Forbidden City of China?

MERIDIAN GATE

What do you call the main exit of the Forbidden City of China?

DIVINE MIGHT

what do you call the east and west gates of the Forbidden City of China?

EAST GLORIOUS GATE & WEST GLORIOUS GATE

What do you call the primary and most important building in the Forbidden City of China?

HALL of SUPREME HARMONY

what do you call a person on the path toward awakening in Buddhism and spends their life assisting and saving others?

BODHISATTVA

A Chinese monastery hanging from the cliffside of Hengshan Mountain, it's engineering relies on wooden pillars and girders anchored into the rock, devoted to Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, with has six main halls and 34 less significant halls connected through passageways and bridges

HANGING TEMPLE

what architectural style is characterized with delicate, harmonious, elaborate journey, torii gates, Shinto shrines, and Buddhist temples?

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Famous for thousands of red Torii gates that follow multiple trails up into the forest of sacred Mount Inari, typically made of wood, with two vertical posts and two horizontal members spanning the opening, and the stairs are flanked by sculptures of foxes, thought to be messengers of Inari, and Shinto god of rice, sake, merchants, and manufacturers

FUSHIMI INARI

One of the oldest wooden buildings in the world featuring columns with entasis, double-terraced platforms to ground the structures, inverted V-shaped support posts and columns topped with wooden brackets to disperse the heavy load of the tiled roof

HORYU-JI TEMPLE

The smallest and oldest of the twelve original castles still existing in Japan, perched on top of a hill adjacent to the River Kiso, constructed primarily of wood and stone in the mamajiro (mountain castle) style, which provided protection through the natural defences of the terrain

INUYAMA CASTLE

What architectural style is characterized by elaborate & extensive carvings, symbolisms, stupas, rock cut temples, expressive carvings of animals & humans, and pronounced horizontal stone mouldings?

HINDU ARCHITECTURE

What is one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India, formed by a hemispherical done called an anda, perched on a base and surrounded by a square railing (harmika), a round terrace provides a path for pilgrims to circumambulate the stupa, a ceremonial gate (toranas) in front is capped with animal capitals, and topped with three architraves with low-relied sculpture depicting the Buddha's life?

SANCHI STUPA

What is the inner prayer hall carved withing the Karla Caves, wherein the stupa is located at one end of the hall, surrounded by columns carved as animals and humans and topped by a large arched structure of wood?

THE GREAT CHAITYA

what architectural style features domes, minarets, pointed arches, enclosed courtyards, geometric and arabesque decoration, and muqarnas?

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

An Islamic shrine marking the location where God created the world and Adam; also thought to be where Abraham attempted the sacrifice of his son

DOME OF THE ROCK

The first mosque built in Egypt

MOSQUE OF AMR IBN AL-AS

What architectural style is characterized by thick walls, thick, heavy piers and columns, symmetrical plans, round semicircular arches, barrel vaults and simple groin vaults, predominant towers, open and blind arcades, and articulated apses?

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

What architectural style features pointed arches, flying buttresses, rib vaults, thinner & lighter structures taller nave spaces, abundant stained glass windows with plate tracery and bar tracery, has more efficient load-bearing capabilities, and pinnacles and thin spires?

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

What architectural style features thick defensive walls, small, narrow openings, battlements known as crenellated parapets, bastions, towers, gatehouses, moats, keeps, and arrow loops?

MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION

What architectural style features rebirth of classical learning, proportion, regularity, centralized plan as well as the Basilica plan, Revival of the Greek and the Roman forms, with interest in ideals of antiquity, and articulated building at skyline?

RENAISSANCE

What architectural style features illusion, distortion of proportion, inventive adaptation of classical elements, adjusted rhythms of regularity, and emphasis of solid and void?

MANNERISM

the Trevi Fountain features a central statue (Oceanus) designed by?

PIETRO BRACCI

What architectural style features grand civic buildings, layered, high monumental facades, classical elements sculptural pieces, especially at the roof line, rusticated bases, columned piano nobile, rich sculptural adornments, and iron structures?

BEAUX ARTS

What architectural style features geometric patterns, rectilinear lines, curved building forms, glamor and luxury, re-interpretation of classical elements, low-relief sculptural ornamentation, and detailed craftsmanship?

ART DECO

HOA 2 Flashcards

(359 cards)