hypothal

Question 1

Anterior hypothalamus

Answer 1

above the optic chiasm

supraoptic

Question 2

medial hypothalamus

Answer 2

above the pituitary

tuberal

Question 3

posterior hypothalamus

Answer 3

above and including the mammillary bodies

Question 4

Anterior HT region nuclei

Answer 4

1. Lateral preoptic nucleus
2. Medial preoptic nucleus
3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 5

Tuberal Hypothalamic Nuclei (posterior)

Answer 5

1. Dorsal nucleus
2. Dorsmedial nucleus
3. Lateral nucleus
4. Supraoptic nucleus
5. Ventromedial nucleus
6. Periventricular nucleus

Question 6

Tuberal HT nuclei (ant)

Answer 6

1. Paraventricular nucleus
2. Anterior nucleus
3. Lateral nucleus
4. Periventricular nucleus

Question 7

Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

Answer 7

1. Posterior nucleus
2. Subthalamic nucleus
3. Lateral nucleus
4. Mammillary body

Question 8

Autonomic System:

Answer 8

ability of HT to regulate ANS is critical for its role in maintaining homeostasis and inducing emotional expression.

Question 9

Efferent/afferent pathways from the hypothalamus to the ANS travel in the following tracts:

Answer 9

1. Dorsal longitudinal fasiculus:
2. Medial forebrain bundle:
3. Mammillotegmental tract

Question 10

Dorsal longitudinal fasiculus:

Answer 10

to ANS nuclei in the brainstem reticular system

Question 11

Medial forebrain bundle:

Answer 11

to brainstem reticular formation

Question 12

Mammillotegmental tract:

Answer 12

from mammillary bodies to midbrain reticular formation (tegmentum)

Question 13

In general, stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus results in:

Answer 13

increases PNS activity (or SNS actions) stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus increases SNS activity.

Question 14

Somatic Motor System:

Answer 14

1. ability of HT to coordinate somatic motor activity leads to the organization of complex activities requiring both somatic and autonomic responses (vomiting, laughing, crying, facial expression
2. organizes motor activities required for homeostasis (chewing and swallowing).

Question 15

HT neurons innervate neurons in:

Answer 15

the reticular formation of the brainstem near the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. These somatic neurons in turn innervate skeletal muscle.

Use same pathways as those used for the ANS

Question 16

Endocrine system:

Answer 16

HT regulates hormone release from both anterior & posterior lobes of the pituitary.

Question 17

Posterior pituitary:

Answer 17

1. HT regulates production of vasopressin and oxytocin by the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN)
2. These hormones are then transported down axons to the posterior pituitary and released into general circulation

Question 18

Anterior pituitary:

Answer 18

HT synthesizes and releases hormones into hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation that regulate release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Question 19

Ant pituitary portal system

Answer 19

carries these hormones directly to the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary w/o being diluted by general circulation

Question 20

HT hormones

Answer 20

regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 21

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 21

regulate the release of hormones from most peripheral endocrine organs

Question 22

HT ____ most of endocrine system

Answer 22

indirectly regulates

Question 23

Limbic system:

Answer 23

Appropriate initiation of motivated behaviors and integration of emotional expression with sensory and environmental cues requires connections between the hypothalamus and the limbic system.

Question 24

structures of limbic system

Answer 24

1. fornix
2. stria terminalis
3. medial forebrain bundle

Question 25

Fornix:

Answer 25

afferent/efferent connections between the hippocampus and mammillary bodies.

Question 26

stria terminalis

Answer 26

afferent/efferent connections between the amygdala and the anterior/tuberal regions of the hypothalamus

Question 27

medial forebrain bundle

Answer 27

afferent/efferent connections between the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex and septum