Industrialisation

Question 1

Who set the targets for industry?

Answer 1

Gosplan.

Question 2

Who had the sole responsibility for meeting output targets?

Answer 2

the director (manager)

Question 3

When was the First Five Year Plan?

Answer 3

October 1928 - December 1932

Question 4

How many enterprises opened during the First FYP?

Answer 4

1500

Question 5

What were the successful sectors of the first FYP?

Answer 5

Electricity = trebled
Coal and iron = doubled
Steel = increased by 1/3
Engineering developed and increased machine output

Question 6

Weaknesses of the first FYP?

Answer 6

decline in consumer industries
chemical targets were not met.
lacked skilled workers.
job instability

Question 7

Who competed to set the highest targets?

Answer 7

Gosplan vs Veshenka

Question 8

What were the differences between the basic and optimum versions?

Answer 8

coal from 35 million tons to 75.
iron from 6 million tons to 19.

Question 9

What did Sheila Fitzpatrick (1994) state?

Answer 9

“That is 2-3 years Russia would be socialist and money would be abandoned.”

Question 10

Who was blamed for failure to fill targets?

Answer 10

Bourgeois specialists

Question 11

When was the Second Five Year Plan?

Answer 11

January 1933 - December 1937

Question 12

How many enterprises were opened in the second FYP?

Answer 12

4500

Question 13

Successes of the second FYP?

Answer 13

heavy industries. Electricity production.
By 1937, the USSR was virtually self-sufficient.
Transport and communication.
Metallurgy developed. minerals like copper and zinc were mined for the first time

Question 14

Weakness of the second FYP?

Answer 14

consumer goods.
Oil production

Question 15

Who was more organised by 1934, allowing for more specific targets and costs, etc?

Answer 15

People’s Commissariats

Question 16

What did new training schemes allow for?

Answer 16

tackling the skill shortage.

Question 17

When was the third Five Year Plan?

Answer 17

January 1938 - June 1941

Question 18

Success of the third FYP?

Answer 18

heavy industry.
defence and armaments for the war.

Question 19

What impacted the third FYP?

Answer 19

the purges which deprived the economy of personnel and planners.

Question 20

Weaknesses of the third FYP?

Answer 20

Steel output.
Oil production led to a crisis.
consumer industries.

Question 21

Issues with women in the workplace?

Answer 21

women were paid less and found it more difficult to gain advancement.

Question 22

How many times did the average worker move jobs in the coal industry in the 1930’s?

Answer 22

3x

Question 23

In 1931, how many workers were skilled?

Answer 23

less than 7%

Question 24

What were wage differentials?

Answer 24

Introduced to prevents workers from moving jobs. Were used to reward those who stayed put and acquired skills. allowed for extra pay and bonuses

Question 25

Causing damage or leaving a job without permission led to what?

Answer 25

a prison sentence.

Question 26

When were labour books and internal passports implemented?

Answer 26

1938

Question 27

When did absenteeism become a crime?

Answer 27

1940

Question 28

After April 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3 years were sent where?

Answer 28

to labour camps

Question 29

How many benefited from educational opportunities?

Answer 29

200,000 were in higher education and nearly a million in secondary technical schools

Question 30

How were the living standards by 1937?

Answer 30

lower than they had been in 1928

Question 31

How many women entered the workforce during industrialisation?

Answer 31

10 million

Question 32

How much of the workforce did women make up?

Answer 32

44%

Question 33

What did coal production increase to by 1940 from 35 million in 1928?

Answer 33

It reached over 120 million.

Question 34

What major industrial centres were built during industrialisation?

Answer 34

Magnitogorsk, Dnieper Dam and Kuznetsk Basin.

Question 35

What did Conquest believe about industrialisation?

Answer 35

It was inefficient, coercive and came at a huge human cost.

Question 36

Who argues that industrialisation despite its harshness successfully transformed the Soviet Union from a backward agrarian country into an industrial power?

Answer 36

Fitzpatrick

Question 37

Who claims that the 5 year plans achieved real industrial growth but an a human cost with long term economic weaknesses?

Answer 37

Robert Service