Zoology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Consists of the skin and accessory organs;
hair, nails, and cutaneous glands.

A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

body’s largest and heaviest organ
– Covers 1.5 to 2.0 m^2; composes 15% of body weight

A

Skin

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4
Q

Layer of the skin; it is a stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

Layer of the skin; connective tissue layer beneath epidermis

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Layer of the skin; connective tissue layer below dermis (not part of skin, but associated with it)

A

Hypodermis

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7
Q
  • covers front of hands, bottoms of feet
  • Has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
  • Epidermis 0.5 mm thick
A

Thick skin

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8
Q
  • covers rest of the body
  • Possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
  • Epidermis about 0.1 mm thick
A

Thin skin

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9
Q

Functions of the skin:

A
  • Resistance to trauma and
    infection
  • Other barrier functions
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation - Receptors for temperature, touch, pain, and more
  • Thermoregulation
  • Nonverbal communication
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10
Q

Five epidermal cell types:

A
  1. Stem cells
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Tactile cells
  5. Dendritic cells
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11
Q

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes
* In the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum basale)

A

Stem cells

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12
Q

The great majority of epidermal cells, it synthesizes keratin.

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation.

A

Melanocytes

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14
Q

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers. In the basal layer of the epidermis.

A

Tactile cells

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15
Q

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens. Found in stratum spinosum and granulosum.

A

Dendritic cells

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16
Q

thick skin contains five strata:

A
  1. Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum (surface layer)
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17
Q

A single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane

A

Stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer)

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18
Q

Several layers of keratinocytes are joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions.

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes.

A

Stratum granulosum

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20
Q

Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin.

A

Stratum lucidum

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21
Q

– Several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells.

A

Stratum corneum (surface layer)

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22
Q

Keratinocytes are produced by mitosis of (1)___________ in (2)_____________ or mitosis of keratinocytes in the deepest part of (3)_____________.

A
  1. stem cells
  2. stratum basale
  3. stratum spinosum
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23
Q

Four important events occur in stratum granulosum:

A
  • Keratohyalin granules release filaggrin
  • Cells produce tough envelope proteins beneath their membranes
  • Membrane-coating vesicles release lipid mixture that spreads out over cell surface and waterproofs it
  • Keratinocytes’ organelles degenerate and the cells die
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24
Q

____________ are upward, finger-like extensions of the dermis

A

Dermal papillae

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25
_____________ are downward waves of the epidermis.
Epidermal ridges
26
markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch
Friction ridges
27
A superficial zone of dermis
Papillary layer
28
A deeper and thicker layer of dermis
Reticular layer
29
tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity
Stretch marks (striae)
30
most significant factor in skin color. melanocytes produce it, accumulates in keratinocytes
Melanin
31
brownish black skin color
Eumelanin
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reddish yellow (sulfur-containing) skin color
Pheomelanin
33
pigment in red blood cells. Adds reddish to pinkish hue to the skin
Hemoglobin
34
yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks yellow/orange vegetables
Carotene
35
Skin Color: blueness due to oxygen deficiency
Cyanosis
36
Skin Color: redness due to increased blood flow to the skin
Erythema
37
Skin Color: paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin
Pallor
38
Skin Color: milky white skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin synthesizing enzyme
Albinism
39
Skin Color: yellowing due to bilirubin in the blood (can be caused by compromised liver function)
Jaundice
40
Skin Color: bruising (clotted blood under the skin)
Hematoma
41
lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows
Flexion lines (flexion creases)
42
tan to black aggregations of melanocytes
Freckles and moles
43
patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries
Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
44
composed of mostly dead, keratinized cells
Hair and nails
45
another name for a hair
Pilus; pili—plural of pilus
46
a slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle
Hair
47
Three types of hair:
1. Lanugo 3. Vellus 3. Terminal
48
type of hair: line, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development
Lanugo
49
type of hair: fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth
Vellus
50
type of hair: longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented
Terminal
51
Hair is divisible into three zones along its length:
1. Bulb 2. Root 3. Shaft
52
bud of the vascular connective tissue encased by the bulb. The only source of nutrition for hair
Dermal papilla
53
region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla. Hair’s growth center
Hair matrix
54
Three layers of the hair in cross-section:
1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle
55
Core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
Medulla
56
Constitutes bulk of the hair. it consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells
Cortex
57
Composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other
Cuticle
58
diagonal tube that extends into the dermis and possibly the hypodermis
Follicle
59
Extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root
Epithelial root sheath
60
source of stem cells for follicle growth
Bulge
61
Derived from dermis but a bit denser
Connective tissue root sheath
62
sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles
Hair receptors
63
smooth muscle attaching the follicle to the dermis. Contracts to make hair stand on end (goose bumps)
Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)
64
Three stages of the hair cycle:
1. Anagen: growth stage 2. Catagen: degeneration stage 3. Telogen: resting stage
65
Hair growth:
scalp hairs grow 1 mm per 3 days
66
thinning of the hair or baldness
Alopecia
67
hair lost from select regions
Pattern baldness
68
excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy
Hirsutism
69
Functions of hair:
* hair is vestigial - kept ancestors warm * hair receptors help to sense something dangerous (parasites, insects) * scalp retains heat and protects against sunburn
70
clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum. Composed of thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin
Fingernails and toenails
71
Functions of nails:
* improve grooming * picking apart food, other manipulations
72
hard part of the nail
Nail plate
73
surrounding skin rising above nail
Nail fold
74
separates nail fold from nail plate
Nail groove
75
skin underlying the nail plate
Nail bed
76
epidermis of the nail bed
Hyponychium
77
growth zone (mitotic) of thickened stratum basale at proximal end of nail
Nail matrix
78
opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix
Lunule
79
a narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail
Eponychium (cuticle)
80
The skin has five types of glands:
1. merocrine sweat glands 2. apocrine sweat glands 3. sebaceous glands 4. ceruminous glands 5. mammary glands
81
Two kinds of sweat (sudoriferous) glands:
1. Apocrine sweat glands 2. Merocrine sweat glands
82
* Ducts lead to nearby hair follicles * Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids * Respond to stress and sexual stimulation
Apocrine sweat glands
83
Most numerous skin glands—3 to 4 million in adult skin
Merocrine sweat glands
84
disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on sweat from apocrine glands
Bromhidrosis
85
contract in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
Myoepithelial cells
86
begins as a protein-free filtrate of blood plasma produced by a deep secretory portion of the gland
Sweat
87
sweating with wetness of the skin
Diaphoresis
88
Does not produce visible wetness of skin
Insensible perspiration
89
flask-shaped and have short ducts opening into hair follicles Holocrine secretion style
Sebaceous Glands
90
oily secretion of sebaceous glands
Sebum
91
simple, coiled, tubular glands in external ear canal
Ceruminous Glands
92
Their secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells to form _________
earwax (cerumen)
93
milk-producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation
Mammary Glands
94
Two rows of mammary glands in most mammals
Mammary ridges or milk lines
95
Oil glands associated with hair follicles
Sebaceous Glands
Zoology
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