Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture 1 (72 cards)

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1
Q

What does human movement require?

A

the coordinated action of three main systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous. These systems work together to produce function.

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2
Q

What are cartilage & bones?

A

specialized types of connective tissue.

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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

A point where two bone meet and articulate (move). Point of contact between two bone surfaces (articular surfaces) where a certain degree of movement is allowed.
e.g. Bone-Bone, Bone-Cartilage, Bone-Teeth

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4
Q

Another name for a joint is…

A

It is also called an arthrosis.

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5
Q

Name for bone surfaces?

A

Articular surfaces

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6
Q

How are joints classified?

A

based on their structure and on their function

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7
Q

What does the structural classification of joints mean?

A

The structural classification of joints refers to the type of tissue between
two bones.

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8
Q

What are the types of tissue between two bones?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilage
  3. Synovial fluid
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9
Q

What does the functional classification of joints mean?

A

The functional classification of joints refers amount of mobility that is
possible between the two bones

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10
Q

What are the types of bone mobility?

A
  1. Synarthrosis (immobile)
  2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
  3. Diarthrosis (freely moveable).
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11
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones directly connected by fibrous connective tissue – no joint cavity. They form strong connections
between bones

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12
Q

What are the sutures of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures: narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull. Sutures join most bones of the skull

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13
Q

What are the syndemosis of fibrous joints?

A

Syndemosis: bones held together by a narrow band of fibrous connective tissue. An
interosseous membrane forms a syndesmosis between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm

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14
Q

What are the gomphosis of fibrous joints?

A

Gomphosis: narrow fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the jaw. A gomphosis is a specialized
fibrous joint that anchors a tooth
to its socket in the jaw.

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15
Q

What are cartilagenous joints?

A

Bones directly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage – no joint cavity. At cartilaginous joints, bones are
united by hyaline cartilage to form a synchondrosis or by
fibrocartilage to form a symphysis.

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16
Q

What are synchondrosis?

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage (e.g. epiphyseal plate). The hyaline cartilage of the
epiphyseal plate (growth plate) forms a synchondrosis that unites
the shaft (diaphysis) and end (epiphysis) of a long bone and
allows the bone to grow in length.

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17
Q

What are symphysis?

A

Symphysis: bones held together by fibrocartilage (e.g. pubic symphysis

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18
Q

How is a synchrondrosis formed?

A

At cartilaginous joints, bones are united by hyaline cartilage to form a synchondrosis

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19
Q

How is a symphysis formed?

A

At cartilaginous joints, bones are united by fibrocartilage to form a symphysis.

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20
Q

How is a pubic symphysis formed?

A

The pubic portions of the
right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by
fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis

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21
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate known as?

A

Growth plate

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22
Q

What id the end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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23
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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24
Q

What is a symphysiotomy?

A

Surgical procedure in obstetrics – rarely used in
developed countries – still common elsewhere.

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25
Describe how a symphysiotomy is performed?
Cartilage in the symphysis is divided to widen the pelvic region. * Commonly used during childbirth in response to shoulder dystocia - babies head is delivered, shoulder can become stuck behind hip bone. * Irish context: 1940’s to 1980’s. Controversial procedure - there were cases where it was carried out w/out mother's consent + use of this procedure was preferable to conservative/religious doctors - thought it was better than c-section => mothers were not given choice (no consent), some suffered health effects. * Were on-going cases in Irish, and European courts. Settled 23/11/2016. Now policies in place to compensate mothers who went through this procedure.
26
Why is a symphysiotomy commonly needed?
Commonly used during childbirth in response to shoulder dystocia - babies head is delivered, shoulder can become stuck behind hip bone. * Irish context: 1940’s to 1980’s. Controversial procedure - there were cases where it was carried out w/out mother's consent + use of this procedure was preferable to conservative/religious doctors - thought it was better than c-section => mothers were not given choice (no consent), some suffered health effects.
27
What are synovial joints?
Bones covered by articular cartilage and there is a joint cavity. Most common type.
28
What is the most common type of joint?
Synovial
29
What are the main characteristics of synovial joints?
1. Joint cavity 2. Articular cartilage 3. Synovial membrane 4. Joint Capsule 5. Freely Moveable
30
What does a synovial joint allow for?
Synovial joints allow for smooth movements between the adjacent bones.
31
What is a synovial joint surrounded by?
The joint is surrounded by an articular capsule that defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
32
What covers the articulating surfaces of bones?
The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of articular cartilage.
33
How do ligaments support joints?
Ligaments support the joint by holding the bones together and resisting excess or abnormal joint motions.
34
What structures are associated with synovial joints?
Fibrocartilage discs (articular discs or meniscus). Bursa, tendon sheath and bursitis.
35
What are the types of fibrocartilage disc inside the joint?
articular disc (small and oval-shaped) or a meniscus (larger and C-shaped).
36
What is a bursa?
Bursa (plural = bursae) is a thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that serve to prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone. Three major bursae and a fat pad are part of the complex joint that unites the femur and tibia of the leg.
37
What is a tendon sheath?
Tendon sheath similar to a bursa. Surrounds a muscle tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint.
38
What is bursitis?
Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint.
39
What is part of the complex joint that unites the femur and tibia of the leg?
Three major bursae and a fat pad
40
What is the result of articular cartilage deterioration?
Osteoarthritis
41
What is the most common type of arthritis?
osteoarthritis
42
What is osteoarthritis?
Mainly affects articular cartilage – ‘wear & tear’. * Symptoms include Joint pain, joint inflammation, joint instability and functional impairment. * Disease of synovial joints characterized by articular cartilage loss. * This leads to narrowing of the the joint space and bone to bone contact. * Not the same as Rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease (characterised by swollen/inflammation of synovial membrane).
43
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
Joint pain, joint inflammation, joint instability and functional impairment.
44
What is the result of osteoarthritis?
This leads to narrowing of the the joint space and bone to bone contact.
45
What are the differences between normal joint vs osteoarthritis vs Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Normal: just has cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, bone. Osteoarthritis: bone ends rub together, thinned cartilage Rheumatoid arthritis: swollen inflamed synovial membrane, bone erosion.
46
What is osteoarthritis associated with/result from?
Aging and “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis of a synovial joint results from aging or prolonged joint wear and tear. These cause erosion and loss of the articular cartilage covering the surfaces of the bones, resulting in inflammation that causes joint stiffness and pain.
47
What are the stages of osteoarthritis?
1. Thinning of articular cartilage. 2. Cartilage layer wears down, more on the bones. 3. Joint responds by increasing production of the synovial fluid 4. Swelling of joint cavity -> pain & stiffness as capsule stretches. 5. Bone responds by thickening, producing -> bone spurs. 6. Joint movement results in pain and inflammation.
48
What are bone spurs?
Bone spurs are bony growths that form along bone edges. They're also called osteophytes. Bone spurs often form where bones meet each other — in the joints. They also can form on the bones of the spine. The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage linked with the most common type of arthritis. This is called osteoarthritis. Bone spurs often cause no symptoms.
49
What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis?
Age, female gender, joint alignment, hereditary gene defect, joint injury or overuse (physical labour/sports) and obesity.
50
How does age contribute to osteoarthritis?
Age is the strongest risk factor for OA. Although OA can start in young adulthood, if you are over 45 years old, you are at higher risk.
51
How does female gender contribute to osteoarthritis?
In general, arthritis occurs more frequently in women than in men. Before age 45, OA occurs more frequently in men; after age 45, OA is more common in women. OA of the hand is particularly common among women.
52
How does joint alignment contribute to osteoarthritis?
People with joints that move or fit together incorrectly, such as bow legs, a dislocated hip, or double- jointedness, are more likely to develop OA in those joints.
53
How does the hereditary gene defect contribute to osteoarthritis?
A defect in one of the genes responsible for the cartilage component collagen can cause deterioration of cartilage.
54
How does joint injury or overuse (physical labour/sports) contribute to osteoarthritis?
Traumatic injury (ex. Ligament or meniscal tears) to the knee or hip increases your risk for developing OA in these joints. Joints that are used repeatedly in certain jobs may be more likely to develop OA because of injury or overuse.
55
How does obesity contribute to osteoarthritis?
Being overweight during midlife or the later years one of strongest risk factors for OA of the knee.
56
What is the strongest risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA)?
Age
57
How many types of synovial joints are there?
6
58
What are the types of synovial joints?
* Pivot synovial joints - between C1 and C2 vertebrae * Hinge synovial joints - elbow * Saddle synovial joints - between trapezium carpal bone and first metacarpal bone * Plane synovial joints - between tarsal bones * Condyloid synovial joints- between radius and carpal bones of wrist * Ball and socket synovial joints - hip joint
59
What is the pivot synovial joint?
allow for rotation around an axis, such as between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows for side-to-side rotation of the head.
60
What is the hinge synovial joint?
The hinge joint of the elbow works like a door hinge
61
What is the saddle synovial joint?
The articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb is a saddle joint.
62
What is the plane synovial joint?
Plane joints, such as those between the tarsal bones of the foot, allow for limited gliding movements between bones.
63
What is the condyloid synovial joint?
The radiocarpal joint of the wrist is a condyloid joint.
64
What is the ball-and-socket synovial joint?
The hip and shoulder joints are the only ball-and-socket joints of the body.
65
What is the name for movement of synovial joints?
Movements at a joint can be referred to as the ‘degrees of freedom’ (DOF).
66
What are the 3 DOFs?
Uniaxial (one DOF), biaxial (two DOF), Multi or Triaxial (three DOF)
67
What is an eg of Uniaxial (one DOF)?
the elbow, because it can only flex and extend in the sagittal plane
68
What is an eg of Biaxial (two DOF)?
the wrist, because it can flex and extend and adduct and abduct
69
What is an eg of Multi or Triaxial (three DOF) ?
the shoulder, hip as they can flex/extend, abduct/ adduct, and rotate (med/lat).
70
Ball and socket joint movement - arthroplasty: Ball and socket
Ball-like surface fits into cup-like depression * Multi- or poly- axial * Humero-scapular joint or Hip joint. There is a ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone.
71
Ball and socket joint movement - arthroplasty: Hinge
* Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of other bone * Angular opening and closing movement * Monoaxial – eg Humerus and ulna (elbow joint) - There is a hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochlear of ulna at the elbow Eg total knee replacement
72
What bones are monoaxial?
Humerus and ulna (elbow joint)
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