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katja 2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

the forgotten hormone in men

A

progesterone

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2
Q

decrease in ____ levels associated with early pregnancy loss in females

A

progesterone

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3
Q

pppp

A

progesterone

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4
Q

short form for menstrual phase

A

mens

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5
Q

when progesterone is low, uterine contractility is _____
when progesterone is high, uterine contractility is _____

A
  • high
  • low
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6
Q

when progesterone acts as a ______, it decreases uterine contractions

A

myorelaxant

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7
Q

rest and digest effect

A

progesterone

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8
Q

mild bloating occurs during the slowing a gastric digestion during a rest and digest situation due to an increase in _____ levels

A

progesterone

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9
Q

mild bloating occurs during the slowing of gastric digestion during a rest and digest situation due to an increase in _____ levels

A

progesterone

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10
Q

there must be a ____ btwn estradiol/estrogen and progesterone

A

balance

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11
Q

which conditions can decrease progesterone in females?

A
  • PCOS
  • hypothyroidism
  • hyperprolactinemia
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12
Q

the progesterone/progestin in birth control is usually paired with ____

A

estrogen / estradiol

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13
Q

progesterone has weak solubility/absorption. to overcome this, it has a _____ bioidentical form

A

micronized

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14
Q

the most dangerous contraceptive

A

depo provera

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15
Q

something to consider about patients when prescribing a type of HRT

A

compliance

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16
Q

progestins might not be metabolized into ____

A

neurosteroids

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17
Q

what is in depo-provera? (problematic one)

A

MPA: medroxyprogesterone acetate

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18
Q

MPA is bad for the ____ (decreases density) and has been linked w the dvlpmt of ____

A
  • bone
  • cancer
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19
Q
  • a progestin
  • stimulates appetite for weight gain
  • being studied for traumatic brain injuries
  • bc acetylcholine receptors can treat brain injury
A

megace : megestrol acetate

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20
Q

a progestin used in males to help with bone density loss

A

NETA

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21
Q

this morning-after pill can be taken up to 120 hours after unprotected sex

A

ella : ulipristal acetate

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22
Q

how does plan B (levo-norgestrel) prevent fertilization?

A
  • thicken cervical mucus
  • negative feedback on GnRH = prevent LH = prevent ovulation
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23
Q

plan B doesn’t work if _____ has happened

A
  • LH surge
  • ovulation
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24
Q

in the oviduct, progesterone is produced by the ____ from the ovary and ______ cells surrounding the ovulated oocyte

A
  • CL
  • cumulus
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25
4 impacts that female-derived progesterone has on sperm
- sperm detachment from lower oviductal reservoir - sperm capacitation: w/ induction of hyperactive mobility - chemotaxis - sperm acrosome reaction
26
- the _____ reaction allows sperm to release its enzymes from its head - these enzymes eat away at the glycoprotein layers surrounding the oocyte
acrosome
27
there is a large store of ___ in the neck of the sperm
calcium
28
what channel exists in the tail of the sperm?
- Catsper channel - a special calcium channel
29
what allows sperm to have its hyperactive motility
calcium
30
what makes the calcium channel, CatSper, on sperm open?
progesterone (it gets rid of the 2AG block on the CatSper)
31
the _____ in sperm isn’t active
transcription (chromatin is tightly packed in histones)
32
the unusual endocannabinoid pathway in sperm exists because 2AG is an _______
endocannabinoid
33
explain the downstream effects of cleaving the 2AG in sperm with progesterone
1. 2AG stops blocking CatSper 2. calcium brought into cell and activates soluble AC 3. AC converts ATP and cAMP in cytoplasm 4. cAMP activates PKA (phosphorylation) 5. PKA increases motility of sperm
34
low progesterone levels in men has similar symptoms as low ____ levels
testosterone
35
____ is a precursor of testosterone
progesterone
36
in the production of steroids in males, _____ is always the carrier for cholesterol into the cell
stAR
37
the more potent, high affinity version of testosterone
DHT: dihydrotestosterone
38
what steroid converter does progesterone inhibit?
reductase : turns testosterone into DHT
39
how does progesterone maintain estrogen in males IN THE ADIPOCYTES
prevent conversion of testosterone to estradiol by blocking aromatase IN ADIPOCYTES
40
most potent form of estrogen in humans
estradiol
41
decreased progesterone and testerone levels due to aging
andropause
42
this condition occurs due to too much T and DHT in males and causes enlargement (not proliferation) of the prostate gland/cells = having to pee a lot/narrow urethra
BPH : benign prostatic hypertrophy
43
(mice study) instead of making progesterone w/ cholesterol, we can get it from our ____
diet
44
which foods are greatest in progesterone
- butter - egg yolk - cream - animal prod’ts in general
45
most promising male contraceptive
NES/T
46
how does NES/T work?
1. signals HPG axis to reduce LH and FSH in leydig/sertoli = decrease in testosterone needed for sperm maturation - exogenous testosterone ensures normal male functions still occur even tho NES is blocking the GnRH n thus LH/FSH
47
not a one trick pony
progesterone
48
which gender of mice responded best to PRE (pregabalin) and PRO (progesterone) as pain relievers/to help w/ nociceptive responses
males - had less pain like responses
49
this was first isolated from the urine of pregnant women
allopregnenolone
50
an endogenous derivative of progesterone is ____ - cholesterol-derived - neurosteroid
allopregnenolone
51
in the brain, ______ is produced de novo
allopregnenolone
52
allopregnenolone is also called…
Allo
53
allo and pregnenolone are structurally similar, but some changes exist to ensure allo doesn’t interact with ____
nPRs
54
a potent PAM for GABA A receptors - prolongs opening of Cl- channels = enhanced inhibitory signalling
allo
55
changes in _____ are seen during stress responses and stress-related disorders
allo
56
first line of treatment for postpartum depression
Allo
57
chronic stress and neuropsychiatric conditions are associated with decreased levels of _____
allo
58
what receptor on the ER allows mitochondria to interact with it?
sigma 1
59
what are sigma 1 receptors on the ER a receptor for?
IP3
60
what does progesterone to do sigma 1 receptors (on the ER)
- blocks sigma 1 - essentially puts a “break” (inhibition) on system through something besides GABA A
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