part two: steroids

Question 1

• regulate electrolytes in system
• water balance
• blood pressure

Answer 1

mineralocorticoids

Question 2

main mineralocorticoid

Answer 2

aldosterone

Question 3

• made in outer layers of adrenal cortex
• secreted on demand to alter electrolyte processing by kidneys

Answer 3

aldosterone

Question 4

aldosterone is produced in response to this protein

Answer 4

angiotensin

Question 5

released when blood flow to kidneys drops

Answer 5

angiotensin

Question 6

• increases blood pressure/blood volume
• by bringing sodium back from urine
• allows water to follow and increase volume
• leads to decreased angiotensin production

Answer 6

aldosterone

Question 7

reabsorption of ____ and ____ is the main result of aldosterone synthesis

Answer 7

• water
• sodium

Question 8

• enzyme released by kidneys when blood pressure drops
• acts on angiotensinogen in blood to make angiotensin I

Answer 8

renin

Question 9

• enzyme found in lungs
• converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• also the cellular component used by COVID to get into host

Answer 9

ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 10

function of this organ is important blood pressure

Answer 10

kidneys

Question 11

identified for their ability to stimulate glycogen deposition + by their release into circulation as stress response

Answer 11

glucocorticoids

Question 12

• stress hormone
• main glucocorticoid

Answer 12

cortisol

Question 13

this is where intracellular glucocorticoid receptors receive the respone

Answer 13

cytosol

Question 14

class of steroids involved in:
- stress response
- glucose metabolism
- immune functions

Answer 14

glucocorticoids

Question 15

• aldosterone also makes vessels tighten
• whts that called?

Answer 15

vasoconstrictor

Question 16

• the receptors for this steroid class are expressed in every single organ
• its receptors can be found everywhere in the body

Answer 16

glucocorticoids

Question 17

who termed the word stress

Answer 17

hans selye

Question 18

• non-specific biological response to stressors
• also called the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 18

stress

Question 19

word that selye should’ve used instead of stress

Answer 19

strain

Question 20

synonym of strain

Answer 20

stress

Question 21

explain neural response to stressor

Answer 21

1. processed in amygdala
2. signal sent to hypothalamus
3. hypothalamus sends signals to sympathetic system
4. sympathetic activation = adrenal release of catecholamines

Question 22

explain endocrine response to stressor

Answer 22

1. hypothalamus sends signals to pituitary
2. pituitary sends signals to adrenals
3. adrenal cortex synthesizes cortisol

Question 23

endrocrine response to stressor is termed as this:

Answer 23

HPA axis

Question 24

made in humans, not rodents

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

glucocorticoid levels are controlled by _____

Answer 25

HPA axis

Question 26

- what does the hypothalamus release to signal for more glucocorticoid synthesis? - received by anterior pituitary gland

Answer 26

CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 27

- what hormone is increased when CRH is received by the pituitary gland? - travels to adrenal glands, leading to increased synthesis of glucocorticoids

Answer 27

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 28

chronic stress leads to critical changes in the ______ system

Answer 28

cardiovascular

Question 29

chronic stress leads to the overactivation of this

Answer 29

HPA axis

Question 30

ability of receptors to respond to more than one signal

Answer 30

promiscuity

Question 31

shortform of glucocorticoid receptors

Answer 31

GRs

Question 32

- type of receptor - encoded by one gene - lots of diversity cascades from there through splicing/alternative translation initiation

Answer 32

glucocorticoid receptors

Question 33

synonym for isoform

Answer 33

polymorphism

Question 34

too much cortisol

Answer 34

cushing's syndrome

Question 35

too little cortisol

Answer 35

addison's disease

Question 36

- altered cortisol reception - impaired receptors - secondary receptor resistance leads to cardiovascular/mood disorders

Answer 36

glucocorticoid resistance syndrome

Question 37

henry the 8th may have had this

Answer 37

cushing's

Question 38

- a _____ in the pituitary causes excess cortisol release - cause of Cushing's disease

Answer 38

adenoma

Question 39

synonym for tumour

Answer 39

adenoma

Question 40

- corticosteroid - administered for addison's, decreased for cushing's - exogenous source of cortisol

Answer 40

prednisone

Question 41

how to diagnose addison's

Answer 41

- give ACTH - if cortisol doesn't show up, has addisons

Question 42

what do we give to treat addison's?

Answer 42

steroids - prednisone/corticosteroid

Question 43

is addisons or cushings easier to treat

Answer 43

addisons

Question 44

jfk and osama bin laden had this

Answer 44

addisons

Question 45

this steroid is given to patients who suspect glucocorticoid resistance symptom

Answer 45

dexamethasone

Question 46

treatment for glucocorticoid resistance symptom

Answer 46

- reduce ACTH - give high-dose glucocorticoids (dexamethasone)

Question 47

who did early research for glucocorticoid resistance symptom

Answer 47

george chrousos

Question 48

synonym for glucocorticoid resistance symptom

Answer 48

chrousos syndrome

Question 49

steroid receptors of all types have some level of ____

Answer 49

promiscuity

Question 50

- compound in old plastic water bottles - binds to estrogen receptors (mimics estrogen) - antagonizes androgen receptors

Answer 50

BPA bisphenol A

Question 51

- common insecticide - this binds to estrogen receptors (mimics estrogen) - antagonizes androgen receptors (leads to egg-shell thinning in birds of prey)

Answer 51

DDT dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane

Question 52

long form of DDT

Answer 52

dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane