transport dysfunction: cholera

Question 1

• a large cell
• a thought experiment to understand the epithelium
• a conceptual model for the intestinal lining

Answer 1

cell giganticus

Question 2

six pack balancing act

Answer 2

cell giganticus

Question 3

• the name of the strategy in which cells are lined up
• ______ strategy

Answer 3

mcmaster

Question 4

when molecules travel THROUGH the cell

Answer 4

transcellular

Question 5

when molecules travel in BETWEEN the cell

Answer 5

paracellular

Question 6

this type of lining can be modelled as a six pack of beer

Answer 6

epithelial

Question 7

driving forces on water

Answer 7

• hydrostatic pressure
• osmotic pressure

Question 8

water follows ____

Answer 8

salt

Question 9

_____ follows salt

Answer 9

water

Question 10

the only poet who respected science

Answer 10

auden

Question 11

• greatest scientific contribution of the 19th century
• the exchanges of matter and energy in the universe

Answer 11

thermodynamics

Question 12

this law says there is a fixed amnt of energy in the world

Answer 12

conservation law

Question 13

this law says useless energy will overwhelm the universe

Answer 13

entropy law

Question 14

no exchange of matter or energy in this system

Answer 14

isolated

Question 15

exchange of energy, not matter in this system

Answer 15

closed

Question 16

exchange of energy and matter in this system

Answer 16

open

Question 17

classical thermodynamics could not deal with this type of system

Answer 17

open

Question 18

cheats in the entropy game

Answer 18

open systems

Question 19

• property of thermodynamic system
• independent of size, non-additive
• pressure/electrical potential/temperature/concentration

Answer 19

intensive

Question 20

• property of thermodynamic system
• dependent on size, additive
• volume/electrical charge/heat content/amount of matter

Answer 20

extensive

Question 21

change in pressure causes a change in…

Answer 21

volume

Question 22

a change in concentration causes a change in…

Answer 22

amount of matter

Question 23

a change in electrical potential causes a change in…

Answer 23

charge

Question 24

a change in temperature causes a change in…

Answer 24

heat content

Question 25

- the norm in biological systems - when each flow can be affected by other driving forces bc there are multiple flows

Answer 25

cross effects/interactions

Question 26

this principle states that we cannot couple scalar to vector quantities in an isotropic medium

Answer 26

curie-prigogine

Question 27

this type of material show the same properties in all directions

Answer 27

isotropic

Question 28

this type of material show diff. properties in diff. directions

Answer 28

anisotropic

Question 29

- the fundamental glory of mother nature - keeps us all alive

Answer 29

membrane

Question 30

- internal entropy prod'n is given by the _____ function - measure of the rate of decrease in the ability to produce useful work

Answer 30

dissipation

Question 31

permits living cells to make the best compromise with the inexorable, dynamical laws of the universe

Answer 31

membrane

Question 32

a matter of exquisite discrimination

Answer 32

life

Question 33

the beer model is also called the ____ model

Answer 33

diamond

Question 34

the malabsorption of water

Answer 34

diarrhea

Question 35

the cells at the top of the villus do this: ______ the cells at the bottom of the villus do this: ______ *two diff answers

Answer 35

1. absorption 2. secretion

Question 36

this transporter on secretion cells brings chloride into the cell AFTER the sodium-potassium transporter creates a driving force

Answer 36

NKCC transporter

Question 37

- gram negative bacteria - comma shaped

Answer 37

cholera

Question 38

- mobile - single polar flagellum - aerobic - prefers alkaline, high-salt environments

Answer 38

cholera

Question 39

what shape is the B subunit of the cholera toxin?

Answer 39

pentameric

Question 40

second stage of cholera entering the body

Answer 40

colonization

Question 41

which cholera subunit just gets broken down?

Answer 41

B

Question 42

in the endoplasmic reticulum, what unfolds the A-subunit before it refolds and increases AC and thus cAMP?

Answer 42

PDI (protein disulfide isomerase)

Question 43

cholera stops intrinsic ____ase activity in the alpha subunit from working

Answer 43

GTP

Question 44

the single molecular step that makes cholera a nasty bugger is called ____ _______

Answer 44

ADP ribosylation

Question 45

tubelike structures in the epithelium

Answer 45

crypts

Question 46

cAMP reduces ______ absorption cAMP increases ________ secretion

Answer 46

1. sodium 2. chloride

Question 47

most effective treatment for cholera

Answer 47

ORT (oral rehydration therapy)

Question 48

to promote re-absorption and restore fluid balance, we give salt with ______

Answer 48

glucose

Question 49

hamilton's forgotten epidemic

Answer 49

cholera

Question 50

prior to the 1800s, cholera was a local disease confined to a _____ in ______

Answer 50

delta in bengal

Question 51

the movement of which troops led to the spread of choelra?

Answer 51

british

Question 52

who looked at cholera as an epidemic in london?

Answer 52

john snow

Question 53

which area in london was most impacted by cholera?

Answer 53

southwark

Question 54

where did the companies supplying southwark with water, get their water from?

Answer 54

thames

Question 55

when both limbs of a study are equivalent/both groups are represented

Answer 55

equipoise

Question 56

- infections which spread by the air - something cholera was not

Answer 56

miasma

Question 57

who discovered the cholera toxin?

Answer 57

S.N. De

Question 58

which two scientists worked on the connection btwn cholera and cAMP?

Answer 58

- Field - Greenough

Question 59

whose team led to effort to popularize ORT during the bangladesh war by creating sachets of glucose, baking soda, and salt?

Answer 59

Mahalanabis