1
Q
2 groups of structures that compromise the digestive system
A
- gastrointestinial tract
2. accessory organs
2
Q
digestive tract
-contains what organs
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
3
Q
small intestine divisions
A
- duodenum
- jejunem
- iliem
4
Q
large intestine divisions
A
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
5
Q
accessory organs include
A
- teeth
- tongue
- gallbladder
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
6
Q
mouth
- aka
- composed of
- formed by
A
- oral cavity or buccal cavity
- oral mucosa
- cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue
7
Q
oral mucosa composed of
A
stratified squamous epithelium
8
Q
tongue
A
a movable muscular structure that helps to maneuver foods and assists in swallowing and speech
9
Q
additional features of the mouth
A
- labial frenulum
- vestible
- uvula
- lingual frenulum
- arches
- lingual tonsil
- lingual papillae
10
Q
labial frenulum
A
fold of mucous membrane that anchors the lips to the gums
11
Q
vestibule
A
space between cheeks (or lips) and gums (or teeth)
12
Q
uvula
- definition
- function
A
- conical muscular process that hangs down from the soft palate
- helps to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing
13
Q
lingual frenulum
-definition
function
A
- fold of mucus membrane on the bottom of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the oral cavity
- prevents extreme movements of the tongue
14
Q
arches of the tongue
- definition
- what lies between each arch
- 2 types
A
- 2 pairs of muscular folds or arches are present on either side of the uvula
- palatine tonsil
- palatoglossal arch
- palatopharyngeal arch
- palatoglossal arch
15
Q
palatoglossal arch
A
anterior arch running from soft palate to base of tongue
16
Q
palatopharyngeal arch
A
posterior arch running from soft palate to the wall of the phayrnx
17
Q
lingual tonsil
A
tonsil at base of tongue
18
Q
lingual papillae
- definition
- 4 types
A
- projections on the superior surface of the tongue that give it a velvety texture
- filiform papillae
- fungiform papillae
- folate papillae
- circumvallate papillae
- filiform papillae
19
Q
filiform papillae
A
- threadlike projections on anterior 2/3 of tongue that provide friction
- well developed in animals
20
Q
fungiform papillae
A
mushroom-like projections scattered on the tongue surface and more abundant near the tip
21
Q
folate papillae
A
leaf-like projections that form lateral rows at the rear of the tongue
22
Q
circumvallate papillae
A
projections arranged in a V on the back part of the tongue
23
Q
gustation
- known as
- results when
A
- taste
- chemicals in food are detected by sensory structures called taste buds. For a chemical to be tasted it must be dissolved in saliva
24
Q
taste pore
A
where chemical from food enters the taste bud through an opening
25
gustatory cells
- function
- what does binding do
- binds chemical
- initiates actions potentials in the cells that eventually lead to the conduction of signals along the gustatory pathway
26
which papillae lack taste buds
filiform papillae
27
4 primary taste sensations
sour, salt bitter and sweet
28
where is sour located on the tongue
- salt
- bitter
- sweet
sides
- front
- back
- middle
29
how can we enjoy the taste of caramel and chocolate
there are different combos of taste
30
salivary glands
| -function
secrete saliva into ducts that empty into the oral cavity
31
saliva
- consists of
- contains
- function
- water
- a variety of salts, buffers, enzymes, mucus and antibodies
- 1. cleanses the mouth
2. lubricates and moistens food
3. dissolves chemicals
4. helps prevent tooth decay by inhibiting bacterial growth
5. initiates carb digestion through the action of salivary amylase
32
3 salivary glands
1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. sublingual glands
33
parotid glands
anterior to ear lobes
34
submandibular glands
along inner surfaces of mandible in floor of the mouth
35
sublingual glands
anterior and superior to the submandibular glands
36
acini of the salivary gland
- function
- consists of
release their secretions into ducts
| -serous cells or mucus cells
37
serous cells
secrete a water fluid
38
teeth
| -function
responsible for tearing and grinding food during mastication
39
alveolar processes
teeth are positioned in sockets by these
40
gingivae
- aka
- definition
- gums
| - what alveolar processes are covered by
41
peridontal ligament
dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches each tooth to its alveolar processes
42
crown
exposed portion of tooth above level of gums
43
root
1-3 projections at the base of the tooth that is inserted in the socket
44
neck
junction between crown and root
45
dentin
a rigid bonelike substance that gives teeth their basic shape
46
pulp cavity
a chamber within the dentin of the crown that contains pulp
47
pulp
loose CT containing blood vessels and nerves
48
root canal
narrow extension of pulp cavity in root
49
apical foramen
opening at base of root canal that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter root
50
enamel
covers crown and is composed of crystalline form of calcium phosphate; hardest substance in body
51
cementum
bonelike substance surrounding dentin that anchors the root to the peridontal ligament
52
dentition
- definition
- 2 types
- set of teeth
| - primary and secondary
53
primary dentition
- aka
- 3 types
- decidous, baby or milk teeth
- 1. incisors
2. cuspids
3. molars
54
primary denition (incisors)
chisel-like teeth adapted for cutting
55
primary dentition (cuspids)
- aka
- definition
-pointed tooth for tearing and shredding
56
primary dentitions (molars)
flat teeth specialized for grinding and crushing
57
secondary dentition
| -4 types
1. incisors
2. cuspids
3. bicuspids
4. molars
58
how does the shape and size of the jaw change with age
elongates to make room for other teeth
59
compare primary and secondary with regard to # of teeth and time of eruption
- primary
- secondary
- 20 teeth; erupts at 6 months; done erupting at 5-6
| - 32 teeth; erupts around 6 years; done erupting at 22
60
esophageal hiatus
opening in the diaphragm in which the esophagus goes through
61
layers of the digestive system
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa
62
mucosa
- located where
- 3 layers
- lumen
1. epitheliem
2. lamina propria
3. muscularis mucosae
63
epithelium in mucosa layer
| -2 things
- stratified squamous in oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus
| - simple columnar in stomach, sm and large intestine
64
lamina propria
loose or areolar CT layer
65
muscularis mucosae
narrow layer of smooth muscle whose contractions alter the shape of the lumen
66
submucosa
- type of CT
- contains
- dense irregular connective tissue
| - containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve plexus
67
muscularis externa
| -2 layers
1. inner circular layer
| 2. outer longitudinal layer
68
outer longitudinal layer function
moves materials through tube
69
serosa
- aka
- definition
- location
- visceral peritoneum
- serous membrane
- outside
70
adventitia
thin outer layer of CT
71
stomach
| -4 anatomical regions
1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus
72
cardia
region near the junction of the esophagus
73
fundus
contracts the diagphram
74
lower esophageal sphincter
guards the entrance to the stomach; poorly defined
75
pyloric sphincter
separates the stomach from the small intestine; well developed
76
rugae
- what is it
- function
- mucosa thrown into folds
| - allow stomach to expand when you eat
77
what do gastric glands contain
parietal cells and cheif cells
78
parietal cells
secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
79
cheif cells
secrete an inactive form of pepsin
80
gastric juice pH
2
81
oblique muscle layer
- location
- function
- stomach
| - helps the stomach to mix and mechanically process food
82
pancreas
| -3 parts
1. head
2. body
3. tail
83
endocrine gland of the pancreas
| -contain
pancreatic islets
84
pancreatic islets
secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood stream
85
exocrine portion of the pancreas
- aka
- function
- acini
| - release pancreatic juice into ducts
86
pancreatic juice contains
| -where does it secrete into
enzymes that digest protein, carbs and fat
| -pancreatic duct
87
how is the duodenal ampulla formed by
pancreatic duct and common bile duct
88
hepatopancreatic sphincter
controls the releases of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum
