what are the various methodological issues related to role played by raters?
- time consuming
- subjective/open to bias
- unclear how to integrate scores related to quality and quantity
what is the concept used to operationally define creativity as fluent production of high info content?
entropy
what does musical creativity involve?
appropriate creations
- balance between staying within particular tradition, genre and making novel contributions
what did Beaty find?
overlap in shared neural networks associated with various forms of creativity (not only music)
- prefrontal regions
what do tasks involving musical creativity activate?
auditory-motor networks
Limb and Braun studied what?
improvisation while playing either well practiced or novel melodies and scales
what did the Limb study find?
- more activity in certain regions of PFC for novel condition and sensorimotor regions
- reductions in activation of other PFC areas (dorsolateral PFC)
what 3 conditions did Bengtsson, Csikszentmihalyi and Ullen (BCU) measure?
- improvisation
- reproduction
- free improvisation
improvisation
improvise with instructions to memories what was improvised
reproduction
simply reproduce existing piece of music
- control
free improvisation
improvise with instructions not to worry about memorizing what was played
- more constraint
what is the additional demand on memory that affects creativity?
steals neutral resources that would be invested elsewhere
what were the results from the BCU study?
- greater activation during improvisation in pre-supplementary motor area
- greater activation in dorsolateral PFC, STG and dorsal premotor cortices
- some more active in improv while other more active in free improv condition (trade offs)
what did Berkowitz and Ansari compare?
activation during rhythmic and melodic improvisation
what did Berkowitz and Ansari find?
similar activations regardless of which component improvised
- albeit more activation found in conditions involving melodic improvisation
what is more challenging that improvising rhythm?
improvising melody and stacking notes
what areas of the brain were strongly activated during improvisation in the Berkowitz and Ansari study?
- dorsal premotor cortex- coordinating movement
- anterior cingulate cortex - voluntary and/or internal selection and conflicting monitoring (error signals, conflict/performance monitoring)
- inferior frontal gyrus - sequence generation
- rostral cingulate zone - voluntary selection
Liu study
compared conditions of pre-written rap or freestyle rap
findings of Liu study
- up-regulation of mesial (middle) regions including default network (idea generation and self-referential processing)
- down-regulation of lateral regions (dorsolateral PFC) associated with rule-learning and executive control
what network was also observed during creative tasks?
emotion
motor and frontal regions have what kind of activity?
language
Przysinda et al. study
- 3 diff groups of musicians make preference ratings about musical sequences that varied in predictability
- measured ERAN in musicians
jazz musician likes _____ predictable sequences _____
highly
less
what kinds of sequences did jazz musicians like?
unpredicatable
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