what does musical interventions improve?
quality of life by decreasing depression and anxiety
what is one symptom of dementia, what is it correlated to and what is the outcome of having this symptom?
apathy
- severity correlated to extent of cog decline which causes reduction of daily activities
what can musical interventions do to apathy levels?
reduce them
what are apathy levels associated with?
reductions in dopamine
- one mechanism by which musical interventions can alleviate related symptoms and increase dopaminergic activity
what were the results of the Clement study related to the comparison of music and cooking as a form of intervention in dementia patients?
- no difference was found in short-term follow up
- more pos emotions associated with music in a long-term follow up
what were the results of the Narme study related to the comparison of music and cooking as a form of intervention in dementia patients?
- both groups had improved quality of life in diff ways
the results from the Clement and Narme study were mediated by what term?
pleasantness
- depending on what the person likes to do, pleasantness will vary
what were the results of the Ueda et al. study where they studied the effects of music therapy on dementia patients?
- small effects on behavioral symptoms
- moderate effects on anxiety
- large effects that lasted longer than 3 months
what is a potential implication about the role of duration of therapy sessions?
- sometimes results arent shown immediately nor do they last long
- sometimes results are shown after a period of time
- hard to gauge when it comes to these studies
Irish et al. studied Alzheimer patients and healthy patients in the ability to recall autobiographical memories while listening to music or in silence -> what were the results?
- recall better for AD patients in music condition
- no difference in overall arousal (measured using GSR)
- no difference in errors in SART paradigm (sustained attention to response task: no-go/go task)
- patient population showed clear effects while control didnt
why was there overprescription occurring during the pandemic and why was this a problem?
- increase in anti-psychotic drugs prescriptions for depression so that people could get through the day -> some people went from having a social life to sitting around all day so they needed drugs to get through the loneliness
what does listening to background music while doing tasks allow for old people to do?
do better on tasks involving word fluency, working/declarative memory, processing speed
why do we do better on tasks when there is music playing?
mood and /or physiological arousal
what are some cognitive processes spared in AD and why?
- encoding/retrieving
- musical memory
-> parts of the brain associated with musical memory are unaffected by early stages of disease
what did Ferreri and Verga hypothesize about music affected AD?
- music may provide an anchor for verbal info
what is the purpose of autobiographical memories?
- contributes to the sense of purpose in life
- clear link to sense of well-being
-> music is back door into the memory system and how we encode/retrieve memories
why are there discrepancies between whether singing improves or does not improve memory recall?
- methodological differences
- some use one single session while others use many points over time which can have effects within gen population
what has music show to benefit in term of kind of memory?
non-verbal forms of memory
Moussard et al. tested whether AD patients could learn sequence of gestures when performed in tie to music or metronome ->results?
- patients performed better in music condition only if tested immediately after learning phase and not after 10 min delay
-> could be bc parts of the brain dealing with musical representations are less broken down by AD
-> methodology plays a role in this too
what could play a role in recall immediately or after some period of time in AD patients?
- some representations and thought could be still in the WM/STM and havent been consolidated in LTM yet so that can play a role in whether they recall or not`
which condition in AD patients had better quality autobiographical memories?
condition in which music was listened to prior to recall
how can autobiographical memory retrieval be operationalized?
- complexity of grammatical structure
- speed of recall
- content specificity
what was Foster able to conclude about cafeteria noise?
more general effect of auditory stimulation
- arousal as a mediating variable
when did El Haj et al. find better performance for retrieving memories?
when able to select their own music
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