what does the evidence indicate about musical training associated with behavioral differences?
- musical training enhances auditory-motor network
- variation in brain structure associated with network are sometimes related to performance
what kind of evidence demonstrates musical training is associated with behavioral differences?
correlational
what variables are measured in musical training?
- differences in grey matter (neuronal bodies)
- differences in white matter(axons)
- differences in connectivity patterns (resting vs functional state)
what is a gyrus?
ridge or fold between two clefts on cerebral surface of brain
what gyri are in and around PAC?
Heschl’s gyrus
what are the differences commonly reported in brains of musicians?
larger cortical thickness
larger grey matter volume
what are the changes in Heschl’s gyrus related to variation in?
- number of hours spent practicing
- EEG and MEG responses to auditory stimuli
- performance in various musical tasks
what other regions show various enhancements in motor regions?
- cerebellum
- basal ganglia
who have larger motor cortex?
trained musicians
what did Amunts conclude?
more pronounced motor cortex who began training at a younger age
why are differences in the corpus callosum often reported?
- music draws on various processes that can sometimes be lateralized in either hemispheres
- the earlier training starts, the more apparent the differences
- related to hours spent practicing
what did Schlaug, Jancke and Huange and Staiger conclude?
largest differences observed for children who began training before 7
what brain structure is involved in reward, beat and rhythm perception?
- larger putamen
what processes are in frontal/parietal regions?
cognitive processes
- working memory
- language
what are the changes in Broca’s area correlated with?
- years of musical experience
- performance in an absolute pitch task
what do musicians have a lot of and what is used to measure it?
- greater white-mater integrity
- DTI: diffusion tensor imaging
in what areas is greater white-matter integrity found?
- arcuate fasciculus
pathway connecting frontal, parietal, and auditory-relevant regions
what helps explain the importance for producing and understanding language?
- connection between the Broca and Wernicke’s area
what is larger grey matter volume involved in?
- sensorimotor transformations
- planning relevant for playing instruments
what was found to be predictive of performance in melody discrimination test?
- grey matter volume and cortical thickness
why is it important to find behavioral measures that relate to structural differences?
- to get a better sense about the correlation through different connections and structures
what do longitudinal studies allow?
investigation of causal relationships
what was the Hyde studyabout piano lessons and the results?
- randomly assigned two groups of 5-8 yr olds to piano lesson or control condition
- tracks changes precisely to provide more insight
- no difference in baseline
- piano lessons showed more grey matter enhancements in auditory and motor cortex and enlargement of corpus callosum
what did the volume of the auditory cortex predict?
melody and rhythm test performance
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