Z A & P Fall 2025 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What produces CSF in the circulatory system?

A

Ependymal cells - clumps together to make choroid plexus

  • Use Simple Na pumps, chloride follows, and water follows
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2
Q

What happens when there is an obstruction in the CSF system?

A

Causes buildup of CSF, leading to problems with neurons, restricted blood flow, and venous drainage

Non communicating hydrocephalus - blockage at cerebral aqueduct - aqueduct of Sylvia’s

Communicating hydrocephalus- blockage at arachnoid granulations usually caused by clots from a bleed

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3
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A

Four ventricles

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4
Q

What is the primary drainage point for CSF at the top of the head?

A

Superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations

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5
Q

What are the veins in the cranium called?

A

Sinuses

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6
Q

How do cranial sinuses differ from typical veins in the body?

A

Cranial sinuses are well-supported and reinforced, preventing collapse

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7
Q

What can occlusion of veins in the cranial sinuses lead to?

A

Backup of the arterial system- which can lead to decreased brain perfusion

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8
Q

What is the role of ciliated cells in the central canal?

A

Help move CSF down to the base of the cord

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9
Q

What are Arachnoid Granulations?

A

Places where CSF gets absorbed back into circulation (out into superior saggital sinus ); act as pressure blow-off valves of the cisterns - larger spaces in subarachnoid space

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10
Q

What is the normal ICP range in mmHg?

A

8-12 mmHg

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11
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

A condition caused by CSF blockage, leading to increased ICP

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12
Q

What is noncommunicating hydrocephalus?

A

Problems with drainage due to blockage with no exit for CSF

Usually at cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)

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13
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

If CSF is not being reabsorbed, leading to issues with arachnoid granulations

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14
Q

What are the properties of CSF compared to ECF elsewhere?

A

CSF has specific osmolarity, ion concentrations, and low protein content

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15
Q

What is the glucose concentration in CSF?

A

60 mg/dL- brain uses it for energy

Compared to 90 in body

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16
Q

What does cloudy CSF indicate?

A

Presence of protein, which is not normal and indicates potential infection

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17
Q

What is the significance of CO2 in CSF?

A

It crosses the BBB and affects brain blood flow based on its levels

Increased Co2 = increased blood flow to brain

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18
Q

What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on brain blood flow?

A

Significantly increases brain blood flow

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19
Q

What is the pH level of CSF compared to the rest of the body?

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A

More acidic compared to the rest of the body

7.31

20
Q

Name the cranial sinuses?

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A
  • Superior Sagittal Sinus
  • Inferior Sagittal Sinus
  • Straight Sinus
  • Sinus Confluence
  • Transverse Sinus
  • Sigmoid Sinus
  • Cavernous Sinus
21
Q

What is the role of the falx cerebri?

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A

Fibrous connective tissue that separates the two brain hemispheres

22
Q

What is the normal arterial blood flow rate through the cerebral circulation?

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A

750 to 900 mL per minute

Contains 15% of total blood volume

23
Q

What percentage of total cardiac output is used by the brain?

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A

~15%

750-900ml

24
Q

What is the primary mechanism of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?

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A

Myogenic constriction and relaxation of brain blood vessels primarily working through ca+

25
What happens below the lower limit of autoregulation (LLA)?
Brain blood flow decreases linearly, leading to ischemia Low bp - cerebral arterioles dilate to maintain CPP High bp limits - cerebral arteries constrict to maintain CPP
26
What is the primary supplier of blood to the brain?
Carotid artery
27
What is the Circle of Willis?
A circular circulation that allows for collateral circulation in case of occlusion or obstructions
28
What do carotid bodies do?
Detect CO2 levels and help manage blood gas Located at carotid sinuses at bifurcation of common carotid artery -Baroreceptors are located at carotid sinuses as well - sensing stretch and blood pressure
29
What is the role of the vertebral artery?
Second supplier of blood to the brain, forming the basilar artery
30
What is the function of the tentorium cerebelli?
Acts as a physical barrier separating the cerebral cortex from the cerebellum
31
What are the vertebral arteries responsible for?
They are in the anterior surface of the brainstem and combine to make up the basilar artery. Profuse c spine and cerebellum
32
Where do the vertebral arteries merge?
At the level of the brainstem into the basilar artery
33
What does the basilar artery feed into?
The Circle of Willis - specifically into posterior cerebral arteries - superior cerebellar artery feeds off basilar As well as anterior inferior cerebellar artery
34
Where do the anterior cerebral arteries branch off from?
Middle cerebral arteries
35
What are the two portions of the anterior cerebral arteries?
* Anterior (post-communicating: A2) * Posterior (pre-communicating: A1)
36
Where do the posterior cerebral arteries branch off from?
Basilar artery
37
Which areas of the brain are near the posterior cerebral arteries?
Midbrain, pons, medulla.
38
What is the Circle of Willis?
A combination of large arterial blood vessels connected by communicating arteries.
39
What are communicating arteries?
Connecting arteries that are smaller than the larger arteries. Anterior communicating artery bridges the anterior cerebral arteries Posterior communicating arteries connect the posterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral artery
40
What does the anterior communicating artery connect?
The left and right anterior cerebral arteries.
41
What does the posterior communicating artery connect?
The left and right posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral artery
42
What area does the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) cover?
Downstream branches perfuse a large area of the brain.
43
What color represents the coverage of the middle cerebral arteries?
Green.
44
What color represents the coverage of the anterior cerebral arteries?
Pink/Flesh.
45
What color / area of brain represents the coverage of the posterior cerebral artery?
Blue/Purple. Occipital lobe and lower part of temporal lobe
46
Which lobes are covered by the posterior cerebral artery?
Lower lateral edges of the temporal lobe and the entire occipital lobe.
47
What is the significance of the posterior cerebral artery?
Important for vision and interpreting sounds.
Z A & P Fall 2025
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