Z A & P Fall 2025 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prostacycline?

A

Prostacycline is something that relaxes blood vessels and can help with pulmonary hypertension.

Abbreviated as PGI2.

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1
Q

What is prostacycline?

A

Prostacycline is something that relaxes blood vessels and can help with pulmonary hypertension.

Abbreviated as PGI2.

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Transcription typically occurs in the nucleus.

It involves producing a copy of DNA.

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Transcription typically occurs in the nucleus.

It involves producing a copy of DNA.

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3
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation occurs anywhere that there are ribosomes.

It involves converting genetic code to a protein amino acid sequence.

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3
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation occurs anywhere that there are ribosomes.

It involves converting genetic code to a protein amino acid sequence.

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4
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol is important for making signaling compounds and affects the rigidity of blood vessel walls.

At body temperature, it makes walls more rigid; at low temperatures, it makes them smooth.

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4
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol is important for making signaling compounds and affects the rigidity of blood vessel walls.

At body temperature, it makes walls more rigid; at low temperatures, it makes them smooth.

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5
Q

What are phosphatidyl compounds?

A

Phosphatidyl compounds are phospholipids with chemical groups attached to them, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol.

They play roles in cell signaling and membrane structure.

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5
Q

What are phosphatidyl compounds?

A

Phosphatidyl compounds are phospholipids with chemical groups attached to them, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol.

They play roles in cell signaling and membrane structure.

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6
Q

What happens if phosphatidylserine is on the outside of a cell?

A

If phosphatidylserine is on the outside, it serves as a marker for the immune system to destroy the cell.

Healthy cells have it only on the inside.

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6
Q

What happens if phosphatidylserine is on the outside of a cell?

A

If phosphatidylserine is on the outside, it serves as a marker for the immune system to destroy the cell.

Healthy cells have it only on the inside.

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7
Q

What is the function of flipase?

A

Flipase is an enzyme that moves phosphatidylserine from the outside to the inside of the cell membrane.

It requires ATP to function.

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7
Q

What is the function of flipase?

A

Flipase is an enzyme that moves phosphatidylserine from the outside to the inside of the cell membrane.

It requires ATP to function.

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8
Q

What is the significance of phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine is used in neurons as a signaling compound.

It is involved in neurotransmission.

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8
Q

What is the significance of phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine is used in neurons as a signaling compound.

It is involved in neurotransmission.

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9
Q

What is sphingomyelin a precursor to?

A

Sphingomyelin is a precursor to myelin, which insulates neurons.

Myelination helps in faster signal transmission.

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9
Q

What is sphingomyelin a precursor to?

A

Sphingomyelin is a precursor to myelin, which insulates neurons.

Myelination helps in faster signal transmission.

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10
Q

What is the role of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors transmit signals from outside the cell to the inside by activating G-proteins.

They often have seven transmembrane segments.

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10
Q

What is the role of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors transmit signals from outside the cell to the inside by activating G-proteins.

They often have seven transmembrane segments.

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11
Q

What is produced when adenyl cyclase is stimulated?

A

Adenyl cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP.

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger involved in signal transduction.

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11
Q

What is produced when adenyl cyclase is stimulated?

A

Adenyl cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP.

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger involved in signal transduction.

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12
Q

What is the function of GTP in G-protein signaling?

A

GTP binds to the alpha subunit of G-proteins, allowing it to activate other proteins like adenyl cyclase.

When GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the alpha subunit returns to its inactive state.

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12
Q

What is the function of GTP in G-protein signaling?

A

GTP binds to the alpha subunit of G-proteins, allowing it to activate other proteins like adenyl cyclase.

When GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the alpha subunit returns to its inactive state.

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13
True or False: Proteins in the cell membrane typically have equal positive and negative charges.
False. ## Footnote Proteins often carry a net negative charge.
13
True or False: Proteins in the cell membrane typically have equal positive and negative charges.
False. ## Footnote Proteins often carry a net negative charge.
14
What types of channels are present in the cell membrane?
There are water channels and ion channels that allow substances to pass through the cell membrane. ## Footnote These channels facilitate transport across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.
14
What types of channels are present in the cell membrane?
There are water channels and ion channels that allow substances to pass through the cell membrane. ## Footnote These channels facilitate transport across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.
15
Fill in the blank: Phosphatidylcholine is important for the production of _______.
acetylcholine. ## Footnote Acetylcholine is a crucial neurotransmitter.
15
Fill in the blank: Phosphatidylcholine is important for the production of _______.
acetylcholine. ## Footnote Acetylcholine is a crucial neurotransmitter.
16
What happens when a cell lacks ATP?
If a cell lacks ATP, flipase cannot function, leading to more phosphatidylserine on the outside and potential immune destruction of the cell. ## Footnote This can indicate cell distress or death.
16
What happens when a cell lacks ATP?
If a cell lacks ATP, flipase cannot function, leading to more phosphatidylserine on the outside and potential immune destruction of the cell. ## Footnote This can indicate cell distress or death.
17
What is simple diffusion?
A process where substances move across the cell wall without needing to bind or change configuration.
17
What is simple diffusion?
A process where substances move across the cell wall without needing to bind or change configuration.
18
What types of substances typically move through the cell wall easily?
* Gases * Small molecules
18
What types of substances typically move through the cell wall easily?
* Gases * Small molecules
19
What is facilitated diffusion?
A process that involves binding and a configuration change in a transporter protein to move substances across the cell wall.
19
What is facilitated diffusion?
A process that involves binding and a configuration change in a transporter protein to move substances across the cell wall.
20
What is the primary factor that dictates the net movement of substances during facilitated diffusion?
The concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the cell.
20
What is the primary factor that dictates the net movement of substances during facilitated diffusion?
The concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the cell.
21
True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy to move substances across the cell wall.
False
21
True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy to move substances across the cell wall.
False
22
What is the role of glucose transporters in facilitated diffusion?
They allow glucose to move down its concentration gradient into the cell.
22
What is the role of glucose transporters in facilitated diffusion?
They allow glucose to move down its concentration gradient into the cell.
23
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion does not involve binding or configuration change, while facilitated diffusion does.
23
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion does not involve binding or configuration change, while facilitated diffusion does.
24
What is active transport?
A process that requires energy to move substances across the cell wall against their concentration gradient.
24
What is active transport?
A process that requires energy to move substances across the cell wall against their concentration gradient.
25
What are the two types of active transport?
* Primary active transport * Secondary active transport
25
What are the two types of active transport?
* Primary active transport * Secondary active transport
26
What is primary active transport?
A type of active transport where the transporter directly uses ATP to move substances.
26
What is primary active transport?
A type of active transport where the transporter directly uses ATP to move substances.
27
What is an example of a primary active transport mechanism?
* Sodium-potassium pump * Calcium pump * Proton pump
27
What is an example of a primary active transport mechanism?
* Sodium-potassium pump * Calcium pump * Proton pump
28
What is the sodium-potassium pump's function?
Moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell per ATP consumed.
28
What is the sodium-potassium pump's function?
Moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell per ATP consumed.
29
What is the typical sodium concentration outside of a cell?
140 to 142 mEq/L
29
What is the typical sodium concentration outside of a cell?
140 to 142 mEq/L
30
What does secondary active transport rely on?
The energy created by the concentration gradients established by primary active transport.
30
What does secondary active transport rely on?
The energy created by the concentration gradients established by primary active transport.
31
What is an example of secondary active transport?
Sodium-calcium exchanger, which uses sodium influx to pump calcium out of the cell.
31
What is an example of secondary active transport?
Sodium-calcium exchanger, which uses sodium influx to pump calcium out of the cell.
32
Fill in the blank: In secondary active transport, the typical stoichiometry for sodium to calcium exchange is _______.
3 sodium ions for 1 calcium ion
32
Fill in the blank: In secondary active transport, the typical stoichiometry for sodium to calcium exchange is _______.
3 sodium ions for 1 calcium ion
33
What is the typical potassium concentration inside a cell?
120 to 140 mEq/L
33
What is the typical potassium concentration inside a cell?
120 to 140 mEq/L
34
What happens to the charge of the cell during the sodium-potassium pump cycle?
The inside of the cell becomes negatively charged due to the net movement of positive charges.
34
What happens to the charge of the cell during the sodium-potassium pump cycle?
The inside of the cell becomes negatively charged due to the net movement of positive charges.
35
How does the sodium-calcium exchanger operate?
It harnesses the energy from sodium moving into the cell to move calcium out.
35
How does the sodium-calcium exchanger operate?
It harnesses the energy from sodium moving into the cell to move calcium out.
36
True or False: Secondary active transport directly uses ATP.
False
36
True or False: Secondary active transport directly uses ATP.
False
37
What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain concentration gradients for sodium and potassium across the cell membrane.
37
What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain concentration gradients for sodium and potassium across the cell membrane.
38
What does the term 'concentration gradient' refer to?
The difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane.
38
What does the term 'concentration gradient' refer to?
The difference in concentration of a substance across a membrane.
39
What is the primary function of sodium concentration gradient in exchangers?
Almost all exchangers rely on the sodium concentration gradient to function
39
What is the primary function of sodium concentration gradient in exchangers?
Almost all exchangers rely on the sodium concentration gradient to function
40
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport relies on the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport
40
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport relies on the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport
41
Fill in the blank: The sodium-potassium pump is the number one energy consumption process in the body, using about ______ of the body's energy.
30%
41
Fill in the blank: The sodium-potassium pump is the number one energy consumption process in the body, using about ______ of the body's energy.
30%
42
What percentage of total body water is found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Approximately 67% or two-thirds
42
What percentage of total body water is found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Approximately 67% or two-thirds
43
What is the typical distribution of extracellular fluid (ECF) in terms of plasma and interstitial fluid?
About 20% in plasma and 80% in interstitial fluid
43
What is the typical distribution of extracellular fluid (ECF) in terms of plasma and interstitial fluid?
About 20% in plasma and 80% in interstitial fluid
44
True or False: The concentration of sodium is higher inside cells than outside.
False
44
True or False: The concentration of sodium is higher inside cells than outside.
False
45
What is the sodium concentration in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
About 140 mEq/L
45
What is the sodium concentration in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
About 140 mEq/L
46
What is the potassium concentration inside cells compared to outside cells?
30 to 35 times higher inside than outside
46
What is the potassium concentration inside cells compared to outside cells?
30 to 35 times higher inside than outside
47
Fill in the blank: Calcium concentration is about ______ times higher outside cells compared to inside.
10,000
47
Fill in the blank: Calcium concentration is about ______ times higher outside cells compared to inside.
10,000
48
What role does magnesium play inside cells?
It acts as a co-factor in metabolic chemical reactions
48
What role does magnesium play inside cells?
It acts as a co-factor in metabolic chemical reactions
49
What is the general relationship between sodium and chloride concentrations in the body?
Chloride concentrations are typically similar to sodium concentrations
49
What is the general relationship between sodium and chloride concentrations in the body?
Chloride concentrations are typically similar to sodium concentrations
50
What separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)?
The cell wall
50
What separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)?
The cell wall
51
What is the volume of plasma in a normal cardiovascular system?
About 3 liters
51
What is the volume of plasma in a normal cardiovascular system?
About 3 liters
52
What is the typical blood volume in a healthy adult?
About 5 liters
52
What is the typical blood volume in a healthy adult?
About 5 liters
53
What is the definition of interstitial fluid (ISF)?
The fluid found outside of cells in the extracellular compartment
53
What is the definition of interstitial fluid (ISF)?
The fluid found outside of cells in the extracellular compartment
54
What ion has a much higher concentration inside cells compared to outside, particularly for metabolic reactions?
Magnesium
54
What ion has a much higher concentration inside cells compared to outside, particularly for metabolic reactions?
Magnesium
55
What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?
It tightly regulates what can cross from blood to brain tissue
55
What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?
It tightly regulates what can cross from blood to brain tissue
56
In terms of fluid distribution, what is the volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) in a typical 70 kg patient?
About 28 liters
56
In terms of fluid distribution, what is the volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) in a typical 70 kg patient?
About 28 liters
57
What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane
57
What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane
58
True or False: Most energy in the body is used for maintaining ion gradients.
True
58
True or False: Most energy in the body is used for maintaining ion gradients.
True
59
What is the intracellular fluid (ICF) abbreviation and what does it represent?
ICF; it represents the fluid inside cells
59
What is the intracellular fluid (ICF) abbreviation and what does it represent?
ICF; it represents the fluid inside cells
60
What is the extracellular fluid (ECF) abbreviation and what does it represent?
ECF; it represents the fluid outside cells
60
What is the extracellular fluid (ECF) abbreviation and what does it represent?
ECF; it represents the fluid outside cells
61
What is the significance of the selectivity of ion channels?
They allow specific ions to pass while blocking others, maintaining cellular homeostasis
61
What is the significance of the selectivity of ion channels?
They allow specific ions to pass while blocking others, maintaining cellular homeostasis
62
What is the role of magnesium in cells?
Magnesium is an important co-factor for chemical reactions and is found in higher concentrations inside cells than outside cells.
62
What is the role of magnesium in cells?
Magnesium is an important co-factor for chemical reactions and is found in higher concentrations inside cells than outside cells.
63
How does chloride concentration compare to sodium concentration?
Chloride concentrations are typically fairly close to sodium concentrations inside and outside of cells.
63
How does chloride concentration compare to sodium concentration?
Chloride concentrations are typically fairly close to sodium concentrations inside and outside of cells.
64
What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate?
HCO3 with a negative charge.
64
What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate?
HCO3 with a negative charge.
65
What is the extracellular fluid concentration of bicarbonate?
24 mEq/L.
65
What is the extracellular fluid concentration of bicarbonate?
24 mEq/L.
66
Why is bicarbonate predominantly found outside of cells?
Bicarbonate is the main buffer of our extracellular fluid component.
66
Why is bicarbonate predominantly found outside of cells?
Bicarbonate is the main buffer of our extracellular fluid component.
67
What are the two main purposes of phosphates in cells?
* Turn things on or off * Energy storage bonds in ATP or GTP.
67
What are the two main purposes of phosphates in cells?
* Turn things on or off * Energy storage bonds in ATP or GTP.
68
What is ATP composed of?
Adenosine plus three phosphates.
68
What is ATP composed of?
Adenosine plus three phosphates.
69
What do kinases and phosphatases do?
* Kinases add phosphates to proteins * Phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins.
69
What do kinases and phosphatases do?
* Kinases add phosphates to proteins * Phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins.
70
Where are amino acids primarily found in relation to cells?
Amino acids are found in higher concentrations inside cells than outside cells.
70
Where are amino acids primarily found in relation to cells?
Amino acids are found in higher concentrations inside cells than outside cells.
71
What is the primary role of glucose transporters?
Facilitate the movement of glucose down its concentration gradient into cells without using energy.
71
What is the primary role of glucose transporters?
Facilitate the movement of glucose down its concentration gradient into cells without using energy.
72
What is the osmolarity range of body fluids?
Between 280 and 283 mOsm/L.
72
What is the osmolarity range of body fluids?
Between 280 and 283 mOsm/L.
73
Why is osmolarity similar between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?
Water can move across the cell membrane easily to correct osmolarity differences.
73
Why is osmolarity similar between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?
Water can move across the cell membrane easily to correct osmolarity differences.
74
What effect do electrolytes have on osmolarity?
Electrolytes do not completely dissociate, causing the corrected osmolarity to be slightly lower than expected.
74
What effect do electrolytes have on osmolarity?
Electrolytes do not completely dissociate, causing the corrected osmolarity to be slightly lower than expected.
75
Fill in the blank: Bicarbonate is the main buffer of our _______ fluid component.
extracellular.
75
Fill in the blank: Bicarbonate is the main buffer of our _______ fluid component.
extracellular.
76
True or False: ATP is primarily built and used outside of cells.
False.
76
True or False: ATP is primarily built and used outside of cells.
False.
77
What happens to water when there is too much salt in a compartment?
Water moves to correct the osmolarity difference.
77
What happens to water when there is too much salt in a compartment?
Water moves to correct the osmolarity difference.
78
What is the significance of protein concentrations in relation to cell membranes?
Protein concentrations are higher inside cells than outside cells.
78
What is the significance of protein concentrations in relation to cell membranes?
Protein concentrations are higher inside cells than outside cells.
79
What is the typical concentration gradient for glucose in relation to cells?
Higher concentration outside than inside cells.
79
What is the typical concentration gradient for glucose in relation to cells?
Higher concentration outside than inside cells.
Z A & P Fall 2025
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