Z A & P Fall 2025 > LECTURE ONE > Flashcards

LECTURE ONE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary focus of the class this semester?

A

Physiology

Secondary focuses include anatomy and pathophysiology.

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of all the disease processes when physiology doesn’t work correctly.

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3
Q

What type of patient will the class start with?

A

A completely healthy, ideal 30-year-old healthy adult patient.

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4
Q

Why might some surgeries not be performed on very sick patients?

A

Because it doesn’t look good for anesthesia to lose a patient on the table.

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5
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study processes that work together to maintain life.

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6
Q

How is anatomy related to physiology?

A

Anatomy is typically related to what needs to be done with physiology

Study of Function of body and its systems .

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of near-constant conditions in the internal environment in the body.

Internal environment is everything under the skin

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8
Q

What do cells need to maintain homeostasis?

A

Reasonably constant environment such as temperature and PH and ample supply of gases and nutrients.

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9
Q

What is steady state?

A

Constant conditions in the body where what goes in must equal what comes out.

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10
Q

What is the difference between steady state and equilibrium?

A

Steady state refers to constant conditions that adjust to environment such as temperature being maintained by active processes

while equilibrium means being equal/adjusting to environment. Not comparable with life.
-example: body would maintain temperature of weather.

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11
Q

Why is equilibrium with the environment undesirable for living organisms?

A

It would mean having the same gas conditions and temperature as the environment, which is not suitable for survival.

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12
Q

What are the primary organs involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A
  • Kidneys
  • GI system
  • Lungs
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13
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A

The environment outside of cells containing fluids and nutrients.

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14
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

A cell.

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15
Q

What comes after cells in the organizational hierarchy of life?

A

Tissues.

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16
Q

What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?

A

Deliver oxygen, glucose, and nutrients to tissues.

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17
Q

What happens to oxygen concentration in cells as it is used for energy?

A

It decreases, creating a concentration gradient for oxygen to move into the cells.

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18
Q

What is the relationship between what enters and leaves a tissue?

A

What is required is absorbed through diffusion (process used to move nutrients in and out of blood vessels into extracellular fluid) what’s left over exits via the veins

Whatever is used in the tissue must be replenished by what is coming in.

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19
Q

What role does CO2 play in cellular metabolism?

A

Its concentration rises as it is produced, affecting the movement of gases.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The study of the processes of living things is referred to as _______.

A

physiology.

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21
Q

True or False: The kidneys help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

A

True.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of blood in relation to tissue?

A

To deliver nutrients and remove byproducts of metabolism

Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing carbon dioxide and other metabolic byproducts.

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23
Q

How does CO2 concentration change within cells during metabolism?

A

It rises as CO2 is produced

Increased CO2 concentration inside cells forces CO2 to move out into the blood.

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24
Q

What process allows nutrients to move from blood vessels into tissues?

A

Diffusion

Diffusion is the primary mechanism for nutrient and gas exchange at the capillary level.

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25
Why is diffusion alone insufficient for gas transport in the body?
It would take too long for gases to travel from the lungs to the extremities ## Footnote Relying solely on diffusion would be inefficient for transporting gases over long distances.
26
What role does the cardiovascular system play in nutrient transport?
It acts as an expressway to quickly move nutrients ## Footnote The cardiovascular system enhances the speed of nutrient delivery compared to diffusion alone.
27
How is blood flow to tissues regulated?
It depends on the metabolic needs of the tissues ## Footnote Blood flow is tightly regulated to avoid wasting energy and ensure efficiency in nutrient delivery.
28
What is the typical renal perfusion rate?
About 1.1 liters per minute ## Footnote The kidneys require significant blood flow for filtration and management of bodily fluids.
29
What is the primary function of the kidneys in relation to blood pressure?
To help regulate long-term blood pressure Kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining fluids, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure.
30
What two main circuits does the heart pump blood into?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation ## Footnote The right heart pumps to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), while the left heart pumps to the rest of the body(systemic circulation).
31
What is the structure that separates the two sides of the heart?
Interventricular septum ## Footnote The interventricular septum is the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart.
32
What are the components of a negative feedback system in the body?
Sensors, decision makers, and effectors ## Footnote These components work together to maintain homeostasis by responding to changes in the environment.
33
Where are pressure sensors located that monitor blood pressure?
In the carotid bifurcation, aorta, kidneys, and heart chambers ## Footnote These sensors provide feedback to the central nervous system to regulate blood pressure.
34
What happens to sympathetic outflow in response to decreased blood pressure?
It increases ## Footnote Increased sympathetic outflow helps to raise blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.
35
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
To reduce blood pressure by promoting fluid and electrolyte excretion ## Footnote ANP is released in response to high blood pressure and helps lower it by acting on the kidneys.
36
What physiological changes occur when CO2 levels rise?
Increased ventilation and cardiac output ## Footnote The body responds to rising CO2 by breathing deeper and faster and increasing blood flow to the lungs.
37
What is the meaning of 'negative feedback' in physiological processes?
A opposite response that counteracts an initial change ## Footnote Negative feedback mechanisms help the body return to a set point after a deviation occurs.
38
How does the body respond to a decrease in blood pressure?
By increasing sympathetic activity and decreasing parasympathetic activity , increasing vasopressin, decreasing ANP to retain fluids. ## Footnote This response helps to restore blood pressure to normal levels.
39
What is meant by 'high gain' in feedback systems?
The system's ability to closely correct deviations from a set point ## Footnote A high gain indicates effective regulation of critical parameters like blood pressure.
40
What is a high gain in a feedback system?
A high gain implies that the system can closely match and correct problems it has encountered.
41
What happens when blood pressure decreases by 50 mmHg and the body corrects it by 50 mmHg?
The system would have a very high gain, capable of nearly completely correcting the issue.
42
What characterizes a system with low gain?
A system that cannot correct the initial problem is thought to have relatively low gain.
43
What is the primary function of negative feedback loops?
To correct deviations from a set point and stop correcting once the issue is resolved.
44
What occurs if a system continues to correct beyond the original problem?
It may lead to overcorrection, which can be harmful leading to vicious cycles
45
What is a positive feedback loop?
A process where an initial change leads to further changes in the same direction.
46
True or False: Positive feedback is more common than negative feedback in physiological systems.
False.
47
What can an increase in blood pressure lead to in a positive feedback system?
A further increase in blood pressure.
48
What is a vicious cycle in the context of positive feedback?
A situation where the feedback loop leads to injury or death due to uncontrolled processes.
49
What is an example of a physiologic positive feedback loop?
Labor and delivery involving increased oxytocin produced in the pituitary gland and uterine contractions.
50
What prevents positive feedback loops from becoming harmful?
Checkpoints that stop the process once a certain point is reached.
51
What happens during an injury that triggers coagulation?
Inflammation leads to activation of coagulation pathways to stop bleeding. Positive feedback loop initiated
52
What occurs if coagulation continues without a checkpoint?
It can lead to thrombosis and blockages, resulting in serious health issues.
53
Fill in the blank: The majority of physiological processes operate through _______.
negative feedback.
54
What can severe acidosis lead to in terms of systemic function?
It can decrease PH which can reduce central nervous system activity and compromise ventilation and cardiac output.
55
What happens to nephrons in uncontrolled diabetes?
They undergo hyperfiltration and can prematurely die, leading to renal failure.
56
What is thromboxane A2's role in blood vessel function?
It causes vasoconstriction to help stop bleeding.
57
What happens if the body's compensatory mechanisms become overwhelmed?
It can lead to vicious cycles of worsening health conditions.
58
What is the relationship between blood pressure and coronary perfusion?
Low blood pressure leads to reduced coronary perfusion, which can decrease cardiac output.
59
What happens to remaining nephrons when some die?
Remaining nephrons have to do more work ## Footnote This increased workload can lead to faster nephron death and potentially renal failure.
60
Define pathologic positive feedback loops.
A situation where problems overwhelm the body's ability to correct them, leading to worsening conditions.
61
What is the formula for gain in a physiological system?
Gain = Correction / Error
62
What does a low gain in a system indicate?
A large error and a small correction, meaning the system is not fixing the problem well.
63
What does a high gain in a system indicate?
A small error and a large correction, meaning the system can adequately address significant problems.
64
How does blood loss affect gain in a physiological system?
Loss of blood can lead to low gain if the body cannot correct the resulting issues.
65
True or False: Anesthetic administration shuts down parts of the body's control systems.
True
66
What is the impact of anesthetics on the body's ability to correct problems?
They prevent the body from fixing problems by taking control systems offline.
67
What can affect how drugs work in the body?
Physiological changes or alterations in body parts.
68
Fill in the blank: Cells are the _______ functioning unit of life.
basic
69
What determines the specialization of a cell?
Its anatomy and form related to its function.
70
How long do red blood cells typically live?
90 to 120 days
71
What is the primary site of red blood cell production?
Bone marrow
72
How does the replication rate of central nervous system neurons compare to peripheral neurons?
Central nervous system neurons replicate very slowly.
73
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
74
What are the two parts of a phospholipid?
* Charged head * Uncharged tails
75
What property of water contributes to its polarity?
Two exposed pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom.
76
What is the behavior of lipid tails in a water environment?
They are hydrophobic and avoid contact with water.
77
How do phospholipids arrange themselves in a watery environment?
They orient with charged heads in contact with water and tails hidden.
78
What shape do phospholipids typically form in water?
Sphere
79
What are the charged heads of phospholipids in contact with?
The (polar) watery (aqueous) environment
80
What is the stable structure formed by phospholipids when they orient themselves in water?
Micelles ## Footnote Micelles are spherical structures formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment, with hydrophilic heads facing the water and hydrophobic tails hidden inside.
81
How do micelles assist in drug delivery in the body?
They carry lipid-soluble drugs through the cardiovascular system
82
What is the structure formed when a large number of phospholipids are present?
Phospholipid bilayers
83
What do phospholipid bilayers serve as for cells?
A barrier to prevent substances from moving into or out of the cell
84
What type of molecules have difficulty crossing the phospholipid bilayer?
Water soluble molecules Charged molecules and ions, glucose, amino acids, insulin, glucagon, catecholamines Think of molecules that are everywhere throughout the body
85
What is required for glucose to move across the cell wall?
A glucose transporter
86
What is the role of the nuclear envelope?
To restrict access to the genetic code (DNA)
87
What structure surrounds the nucleus and is composed of phospholipid bilayers?
Nuclear envelope
88
How many phospholipid bilayers make up the nuclear envelope?
Two
89
What types of substances can easily pass through the nuclear envelope?
Lipid-soluble substances such as steroids, vitamins, fats, some drugs
90
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow certain substances (water soluble) to enter the nucleus
91
How do steroids typically move around the body?
Attached to carrier proteins or artificial carriers (micelles) in the bloodstream
92
What is an example of a lipid-soluble drug mentioned in the text?
Propofol
93
What happens to lipid-soluble drugs when they enter the blood?
They need carrier proteins to move around efficiently
94
What is the primary function of carrier proteins for lipid-soluble drugs?
To transport them through aqueous solutions in the body
95
What is a major barrier for lipid-soluble drugs after they enter a cell?
The aqueous environment inside the cell
96
True or False: Steroid hormones can easily cross both the cell wall and the nuclear wall.
True
97
What do steroid hormones typically do once they enter the nucleus?
They turn on or shut off genes
98
What is the problem with transporting lipid-soluble drugs in an aqueous environment?
They may not be happy or stable in water
99
Fill in the blank: The structure that restricts access to DNA is called the __________.
Nuclear envelope
100
What is the effect of charged substances on crossing the cell membrane?
They require assistance to cross For example: ions
101
What is a key characteristic of steroids regarding their solubility?
They're fat soluble ## Footnote This characteristic affects how steroids are transported in the body.
102
What do steroids typically require for transport in the body?
A carrier protein ## Footnote Examples include albumin and synthetic drug type carriers.
103
What should not be a barrier for steroids when entering cells?
The cell wall and the nuclear wall ## Footnote Steroids can cross these barriers due to their fat-soluble nature.
104
Why might steroids need help when moving in aqueous solutions?
Because they are fat soluble ## Footnote This solubility requires carrier proteins for effective transport.
105
What was the intention behind the first lecture of the year?
To not be a super hard lecture ## Footnote The goal was to make the content fairly easy to follow.
106
What reminder does the speaker give regarding the holiday weekend?
Don't do anything crazy ## Footnote A light-hearted reminder for students to balance work and play.
107
What day is the next lecture scheduled?
Wednesday ## Footnote The speaker looks forward to seeing students then.
108
Fill in the blank: Steroids typically need a _______ for transport.
carrier protein
109
True or False: The cell wall is a barrier for steroids.
False ## Footnote Steroids can cross cell walls due to their fat solubility.
Z A & P Fall 2025
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