Lecture 5

Question 1

“fundamentals of measurement” article-
construct, measure, score

Answer 1

-construct -> what you are interested in measuring
-measure -> how the construct is measured
-score -> quantifying the measure to answer the research question

Question 2

“fundamentals of measurement” article-
subjective

Answer 2

extent of personal judgement involved in taking a measure
-reliability/validity do NOT depend on how objective/subjective a measure is

Question 3

do reliability/validity depend on how objective/subjective a measure is

Answer 3

no

Question 4

“fundamentals of measurement” article-
methods of measurement

Answer 4

-patient-reported measures
-observer-rated measures
-scans, images, tests, and monitoring devices
-administrative data

Question 5

“fundamentals of measurement” article-
patient relevance

Answer 5

judgement as to how important the outcome construct is to a patient
-ex: athlete ACL rehab vs. 50-year old ACL rehab

Question 6

generalizability

Answer 6

how results apply to entire populations

Question 7

internal validity

Answer 7

focuses on accuracy/efficacy

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

focuses on applicability to populations outside the study (generalizability)

Question 9

sample

Answer 9

group of people, from the population of interest, who PARTICIPATE in a study

Question 10

population

Answer 10

group of people who all share an important characteristic

Question 11

practical application of generalizability

Answer 11

-generalizability is a CONTINUUM
-understand inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 12

research cascade

Answer 12

hypothesis ->
populations ->
samples ->
variables ->
statistics

Question 13

null hypothesis

Answer 13

no difference between variables

Question 14

alternative hypothesis

Answer 14

there is a difference between variables
-can be one-sided or two-sided

Question 15

one-sided alternative hypothesis

Answer 15

directional
-A > B

Question 16

two-sided alternative hypothesis

Answer 16

interested in BOTH variables
-A does not equal B

Question 17

population

Answer 17

group of patients/subjects that meet specified characteristics

Question 18

target population

Answer 18

overall group
-defined by inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 19

accessible population

Answer 19

portion of target population available for study

Question 20

central tendency

Answer 20

central point around which data cluster
-mean, median, mode

Question 21

variability

Answer 21

how far away data are from the central point
-variance, standard deviation

Question 22

dispersion

Answer 22

-homogenous population vs. heterogenerous population
-normal curve
-non-normal curve

Question 23

dispersion- homogenous population

Answer 23

normal distribution

Question 24

dispersion- heterogeneous population

Answer 24

non-normal distribution

Question 25

dispersion- normal curve

Answer 25

bell-shaped

Question 26

dispersion- non-normal curve

Answer 26

-bimodal -positively skewed -negatively skewed

Question 27

bimodal

Answer 27

has two humps

Question 28

positively skewed

Answer 28

also called RIGHT SKEW -tail goes to right

Question 29

negatively skewed

Answer 29

also called LEFT SKEW -tail goes to left

Question 30

skew influences measures of

Answer 30

central tendency

Question 31

samples

Answer 31

-subset of accessible population -goal is to obtain a REPRESENTATIVE sample -obtaining a sample can be done through probability or non-probability sampling

Question 32

probability sampling

Answer 32

random selection

Question 33

non-probability sampling

Answer 33

non-random selection

Question 34

3 types of probability sampling

Answer 34

-simple random sampling -stratified random sampling -cluster sampling

Question 35

# probability sampling simple random sampling

Answer 35

all subjects have equal chance

Question 36

# probability sampling stratified random sampling

Answer 36

representative proportions -ex: 10% from Alachua county

Question 37

# probability sampling cluster sampling

Answer 37

randomly selected units -ex: UF Shands + North Florida

Question 38

4 types of non-probability sampling

Answer 38

-convenience sampling -snowball sampling -purposive sampling -consective sampling

Question 39

# non-probability sampling convenience sampling

Answer 39

researcher/participant are available -easily accessible

Question 40

# non-probability sampling snowball sampling

Answer 40

word of mouth from original participants -volunteers

Question 41

# non-probability sampling purposive sampling

Answer 41

only MOST appropriate subjects are sampled -hand-picking

Question 42

# non-probability sampling consecutive sampling

Answer 42

every subject during a specified time interval -most similar to random -STRONGEST non-probability sample

Question 43

variables

Answer 43

allow researchers to describe SAMPLES

Question 44

2 types of variables

Answer 44

-categorical -continuous

Question 45

categorical variables

Answer 45

assumed from non-normal populations

Question 46

continuous variables

Answer 46

measured along a continuum -NORMAL populations

Question 47

2 types of categorical variables

Answer 47

-nominal -ordinal

Question 48

categorical variables- nominal

Answer 48

NO order or ranking -ex: gender, death, etc.

Question 49

categorical variables- ordinal

Answer 49

has order/ranking -no VALUE to rankings -ex: 0 = no satisfaction, 3 = high satisfaction

Question 50

2 types of continuous variables

Answer 50

-interval -ratio

Question 51

continuous variables- interval

Answer 51

zero point scale is arbitrary -ex: 0 degrees farenheit does NOT represent lack of temperature

Question 52

continuous variables- ratio

Answer 52

zero indicates NONE -ex: 0 degrees vs. 60 degrees of ROM -> 0 represents lack of ROM

Question 53

statistics

Answer 53

summarize samples (through variables) + provide population estimates

Question 54

categorical variables statistics

Answer 54

-frequency -mode -range

Question 55

continuous variables statistics

Answer 55

-mean -median -mode -range -standard deviation