Pharm > Lecture 6 Transcript > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Transcript Flashcards

(179 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Sensory structures
  • Visceral sensory receptors
  • Somatic sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do visceral sensory receptors primarily provide information about?

A

Cardiovascular system, reproductive system, digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the afferent division of the nervous system responsible for?

A

Sending information toward the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The process where a stimulus causes an immediate response without involving the brain directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the efferent division responsible for?

A

Sending signals away from the central nervous system to execute responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two main types of nerves in the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory nerves
  • Motor nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscles with conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system different from the somatic nervous system?

A

It is not under conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic division
  • Parasympathetic division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the sympathetic division control?

A

Fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division?

A

Rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The nervous system in the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the anatomical origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranial and sacral regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the anatomical origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoracolumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system referred to as?

A

Nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the fight or flight response associated with?

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the primary energy conservation mode of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the blank: The sympathetic nervous system is associated with _______.

A

[fight or flight response]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fill in the blank: The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with _______.

A

[rest and digest]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False: The autonomic nervous system can be consciously controlled.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during the sympathetic response in the skin?

A

Sweating and hair standing on end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What term is used for the activation of visceral factors by post-ganglionic neurons?
Autonomic nervous system response
26
What is a key characteristic of the somatic nervous system's neuron cell bodies?
They are only found in the central nervous system
27
What are the two types of fibers in the sympathetic thoracolumbar?
Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers
28
Where do pre-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system originate?
Directly from the spinal cord
29
What is the purpose of the chain ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system?
Neurons can branch to activate multiple areas simultaneously
30
What is the typical length of pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
Short pre-ganglionic fibers and long post-ganglionic fibers
31
How do the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system differ from those in the sympathetic?
Long pre-ganglionic fibers and short post-ganglionic fibers
32
What is the primary parasympathetic nerve?
Vagus nerve
33
What percentage of parasympathetic outflow comes from the vagus nerve?
About 90%
34
Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Close to or on the organs they innervate
35
What is the main neurotransmitter released by all pre-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
36
What are the two types of receptors discussed that respond to acetylcholine?
Cholinergic receptors and adrenergic receptors
37
What do adrenergic receptors respond to?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
38
What are the subtypes of cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic and nicotinic
39
What is a sympathomimetic drug?
A drug that mimics the activity of the sympathetic nervous system
40
What is the effect of epinephrine on blood vessels?
It constricts blood vessels
41
What are the effects of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate and force of contraction?
Increased heart rate and increased force of contraction
42
What type of drug blocks the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympatholytics
43
What is the difference between alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?
Alpha receptors are primarily in peripheral vasculature, beta receptors affect heart and smooth muscle
44
What is the primary location of beta-1 adrenergic receptors?
Primarily in the heart
45
What is the main effect of activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors?
Opens up airways in the lungs
46
Fill in the blank: The enteric nervous system is mainly under ______ control.
Parasympathetic
47
True or False: The enteric nervous system consists of a simple two-neuron chain.
False
48
What neurotransmitters do non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (Nank) neurons release?
Other neurotransmitters not primarily associated with sympathetic or parasympathetic systems
49
What is the function of the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic system?
Innervates many internal organs
50
What is the role of epinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?
It is released into the bloodstream as an endocrine response- made in adrenal medulla
51
What is the significance of myelination in the autonomic nervous system?
Pre-ganglionic fibers are lightly myelinated, while post-ganglionic fibers may not be myelinated
52
What are sympathomimetics typically used for?
To mimic sympathetic responses during medical emergencies
53
What is the term for the receptors that respond to acetylcholine?
Cholinergic receptors
54
What distinguishes muscarinic receptors from nicotinic receptors?
Muscarinic receptors are selective for muscarine, while nicotinic receptors respond to nicotine
55
What is the primary action of beta-3 adrenergic receptors?
They are primarily located on fat cells
56
What are the primary targets of beta-2 selective drugs like Albuterol?
Lungs ## Footnote Albuterol primarily opens up the lungs by selectively activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
57
What is the effect of epinephrine on the heart?
Increases heart rate and force of contractions ## Footnote Epinephrine opens up the lungs but also has significant cardiac effects.
58
Where are beta-3 adrenergic receptors primarily located?
Fat cells ## Footnote Beta-3 receptors are activated during the fight-or-flight response to break down fat and convert it into energy.
59
What are the two main classifications of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha and beta ## Footnote Alpha receptors can be further subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2, while beta receptors are subdivided into beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3.
60
What G protein is activated by alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?
GQ ## Footnote Alpha-1 receptors activate phospholipase C through GQ, leading to the production of diacylglycerol and IP3.
61
What is the primary activity of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Inhibitory ## Footnote Alpha-2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.
62
What is the effect of beta-1 adrenergic receptors on the heart?
Increases heart rate and contraction strength ## Footnote Beta-1 receptors activate G-stimulatory pathways, leading to increased cyclic AMP.
63
What effect do beta-2 adrenergic receptors have on smooth muscle in blood vessels feeding skeletal muscles?
Relaxation ## Footnote Beta-2 receptors induce relaxation despite stimulating adenylate cyclase.
64
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic ## Footnote Nicotinic receptors can be further divided into N (neuronal) and M (muscle) types.
65
What is the main effect of nicotinic receptors?
Open ion channels ## Footnote This leads to depolarization of the membrane and various physiological effects.
66
What is the role of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
Monitor mean arterial pressure ## Footnote They are located in the aorta and carotid arteries and help regulate blood pressure.
67
What happens when mean arterial pressure increases?
Parasympathetic activation, heart rate decreases ## Footnote The body attempts to return blood pressure to normal levels through decreased cardiac output.
68
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system's role in blood pressure regulation?
Increases blood volume and constricts blood vessels ## Footnote Activated when blood pressure drops, leading to increased cardiac output.
69
What is the function of autoreceptors?
Regulate neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons ## Footnote They respond to the neurotransmitter that the presynaptic neuron releases.
70
What are heteroreceptors?
Receptors that respond to different neurotransmitters ## Footnote They can modify the activity of presynaptic neurons by responding to other compounds.
71
Fill in the blank: The primary neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerves in the heart is _______.
Norepinephrine
72
True or False: Beta-2 receptors are always stimulatory.
False ## Footnote Beta-2 receptors can have different effects depending on their location in the body.
73
What neurotransmitter is released by a neuron that may affect its own activity through hetero receptors?
Acetylcholine ## Footnote This is an example of how neurotransmitters can influence the releasing neuron itself.
74
What types of receptors can affect neurotransmitter release?
Inhibitory or excitatory ## Footnote These receptors can either shut down or increase the release of more neurotransmitter.
75
What is an example of negative feedback in neurotransmitter release?
Alpha-2 receptor on a noradrenergic nerve terminal ## Footnote This receptor type inhibits further release of norepinephrine.
76
What effect does a beta receptor have on neurotransmitter release?
Positive feedback ## Footnote This receptor type increases the release of neurotransmitters.
77
What neurotransmitters are responsible for sympathetic activity?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine ## Footnote These neurotransmitters activate the sympathetic nervous system.
78
What type of receptors decrease heart contractility in the parasympathetic system?
Muscarinic type 2 receptors ## Footnote These receptors bind acetylcholine to slow heart function.
79
What receptor mediates blood vessel contraction in the sympathetic nervous system?
Alpha-1 receptors ## Footnote Activation of these receptors raises blood pressure.
80
Which receptor type causes relaxation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle arterioles?
Beta-2 receptors ## Footnote This leads to increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.
81
What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists like albuterol?
Opens airways ## Footnote These drugs are used to relax bronchial smooth muscle.
82
What is the role of parasympathetic activity in the lungs?
Contracts the lungs ## Footnote This is generally not desired, especially in conditions like asthma.
83
What do colonomimetics mimic?
The effect of acetylcholine ## Footnote They are also referred to as parasympathomimetics.
84
What are sympatholytics?
Blockers of the sympathetic nervous system ## Footnote These include alpha blockers and beta blockers.
85
What is the function of the synapse?
Communication between neurons ## Footnote Synapses can involve electrical or chemical signals.
86
What does acetylcholine do at the synapse in the parasympathetic system?
Released at both pre- and post-synaptic sites ## Footnote It binds to cholinergic receptors like M2.
87
What is the predominant neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Norepinephrine ## Footnote This is the main neurotransmitter that affects target organs.
88
What is the role of dopamine in the renal blood vessels?
Stimulates renal function ## Footnote This is why dopamine is used in certain clinical settings.
89
What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?
Regulates involuntary bodily functions ## Footnote It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
90
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the space between neurons where neurotransmitter communication occurs.
Synapse ## Footnote This plays a crucial role in neuronal communication.
91
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on skeletal muscles during fight or flight?
Redistributes blood flow to skeletal muscles ## Footnote This can increase muscle performance during physical activity.
92
What happens to neurotransmitter release when toxins affect neuron function?
They can block neurotransmitter release ## Footnote Toxins like botulinum can inhibit normal neurotransmission.
93
What is a synapse?
Any space that occurs between one cell and the next, implying communication between those cells.
94
What types of communication can occur at a synapse?
Electrical or chemical communication.
95
How does electrical communication occur in cardiac muscle?
Through gap junctions or pores, allowing rapid signal transmission so the entire atrium and ventricles can contract simultaneously.
96
What are chemical synapses primarily responsible for?
Releasing neurotransmitters.
97
What is the role of acetylcholine in synaptic transmission?
It binds to postsynaptic receptors and is broken down by acetylcholinesterase to prevent constant stimulation.
98
What happens to acetylcholine after it is released into the synapse?
Binds to ach receptors and It is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
99
What are En passant synapses?
Synapses that occur along the axon in the central nervous system, allowing one neuron to activate hundreds or thousands of others.
100
Where does an action potential start?
At the cell body, in an area called the axon hillock.
101
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic bouton?
An increase in free calcium due to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
102
What can neurotransmitters activate in the postsynaptic cell?
Ion channels, alpha or beta receptors, and second messenger systems.
103
What is the fate of norepinephrine in the synapse?
It can diffuse away, be taken back into the presynaptic cell by norepinephrine transporters, or be inactivated by surrounding cells.
104
What class of neurotransmitter does acetylcholine belong to?
Ester class.
105
What are examples of amino acid neurotransmitters?
* Glutamine * GABA
106
What are peptides in the context of neurotransmitters?
Short versions of proteins, consisting of a few amino acids such as substance p and endorphins (pain)
107
What is a characteristic of gas neurotransmitters?
They cannot be stored and are made as needed.
108
What is the role of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter?
It relaxes smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels when produced from arginine.
109
What types of receptors does acetylcholine bind to?
* Nicotinic receptors * Muscarinic receptors
110
Which fibers release acetylcholine?
All pre-ganglionic fibers and all somatic fibers.
111
True or False: Acetylcholine is the most numerous neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system.
True.
112
Fill in the blank: The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called _______.
acetylcholinesterase.
113
What neurotransmitter do all pre-ganglionic fibers release?
Acetylcholine
114
What are amino acid DERIVATIVES that act as neurotransmitters referred to collectively?
Adrenergic fibers such as norepinephrine and epi. Derived from the amino acid Tyrosine
115
What are the main amino acid derivatives discussed?
* Norepinephrine * Epinephrine Derived from tyrosine
116
What role does dopamine play in the central nervous system?
Responsible for rewarding or pleasure responses
117
What system does dopamine activate that is linked to addiction?
Dopamine mesolimbic system
118
What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used for?
Increase serotonin at the synapse helping depression
119
What neurotransmitter is referred to as 5-hydroxytryptamine?
Serotonin
120
Which three neurotransmitters are theorized to be responsible for the majority of feelings?
* Dopamine * Serotonin * Norepinephrine
121
What are the negative emotions associated with low serotonin levels?
* Anger * Distress * Fear * Shame * Humiliation
122
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
123
What are the two main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain?
* Glycine * GABA
124
What is Substance P associated with?
Pain sensation
125
What are the endogenous opioids involved in?
Suppressing pain response
126
How can neurotransmitters be classified?
Purines * inorganic Gases * Peptides Esters * Monamines Amino acids They will be * Excitatory * Inhibitory
127
Where do pharmaceutical interventions primarily target neurotransmitter action?
At the synapse
128
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
Break down acetylcholine
129
What type of synapse is involved in cholinergic transmission?
Cholinergic synapse Chemical at NMJ
130
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
Calcium influx
131
What is the function of choline acetyltransferase?
Synthesizes acetylcholine from acetyl co A from mitochondria and choline from diet
132
What is the role of the SNARE complex?
Anchors vesicles at the membrane for rapid exocytosis
133
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory?
Glutamate
134
Fill in the blank: The chemical name for serotonin is _______.
5-hydroxytryptamine
135
What does the choline transporter do?
Transports choline into the presynaptic cell
136
What is the role of snynaptotagmin?
Calcium sensor that facilitates vesicle release
137
True or False: Norepinephrine can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory.
True It can inhibit hunger Inhibit back gory noise to focus Inhibit a2 to contract less, and inhibit pain transmission in spinal cord
138
What is the effect of using acetylcholine in a clinical setting?
Causes muscle paralysis
139
What is the main neurotransmitter stored in the vesicles?
Acetylcholine
140
What happens to acetylcholine after it binds to its receptor?
It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase
141
What do hemicholinium do?
They block the choline transporter
142
What is the effect of vesamicol acetylcholine?
Blocks vat It blocks acetylcholine being put into the vesicle
143
What do calcium channel blockers do?
They block voltage-gated calcium channels
144
What is the mechanism of action of Botox?
It binds to and inactivates vesicle-induced proteins, cutting snare proteins
145
What happens when botulinum toxin is ingested?
It paralyzes muscles due to impaired acetylcholine release
146
What does serine nerve gas block?
Blocks achE It blocks the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
147
What condition is characterized by antibodies binding to acetylcholine receptors?
Myasthenia gravis
148
What is the purpose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in myasthenia gravis?
To increase acetylcholine at the synapse and improve muscle tone
149
Where does the ganglion occur in the sympathetic nervous system?
In a chain ganglion - closer to spine - allowing wide quick spread signaling
150
What is the primary parasympathetic neuron that stimulates the heart?
The vagus nerve
151
What is the term for compounds derived from tyrosine?
Catecholamines
152
What is the precursor to norepinephrine?
Dopamine
153
What transporter is specific for norepinephrine?
Norepinephrine transporter
154
What can block the norepinephrine transporter?
Cocaine or amphetamines
155
What is the function of monoamine oxidase?
Inhibitor of norepinephrine breaks down norepinephrine after reuptake
156
What class of drugs are MAOIs?
Monamine oxidase inhibitors
157
What amino acid is essential for the production of tyrosine?
Phenylalanine
158
What happens to norepinephrine after release in the synapse?
It can diffuse away or be taken back up by the norepinephrine transporter
159
What is the role of auto receptors in neurotransmission?
They bind norepinephrine and decrease its production
160
What is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?
They have different specific affinities for adrenergic receptors Norepinephrine is derived from tyrosine Epi is produced and excreted in adrenal medulla
161
What do metirecine and metdopa do?
They act as competitive inhibitors of tyrosine conversion
162
What is the effect of guanetidine?
It inhibits the release of norepinephrine
163
What is the function of the vesicular monomine transporter?
It is involved in the transport of norepinephrine into vesicles for storage.
164
What compounds inhibit the release of norepinephrine?
* Fertilium * Guanetidine * Potassium * Guanethany
165
Why were Fertilium and guanetidine initially looked at for lowering blood pressure?
They suppress the adrenergic response.
166
What is a significant risk of using adrenergic inhibitors like Fertilium and guanetidine?
They affect all adrenergic receptors, leading to dangerous side effects.
167
What is a better method to control blood pressure than using adrenergic inhibitors?
Blocking the receptors that norepinephrine binds to, such as alpha-1 receptors. Rather than blocking production of adrenergic catecholamines
168
What role do cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants play in norepinephrine activity?
They inhibit the norepinephrine transporter, prolonging norepinephrine's action.
169
Fill in the blank: Cocaine has an ______ reaction due to its effect on norepinephrine.
alerting
170
How do tricyclic antidepressants affect norepinephrine levels?
They prevent reuptake, increasing its levels.
171
What neurotransmitter is associated with the limbic system that may also be increased by tricyclic antidepressants?
Dopamine
172
What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) known to do?
They inhibit the degradation of norepinephrine. Treat depression but also raise BP
173
What is the specific application of methyldopa in medical treatment?
It is used to treat hypertension in cases of pheochromocytoma. Blocking tyrosine
174
What is the role of Botox in neurotransmitter release?
It blocks the release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine By cutting the snare complex
175
What is the effect of drugs like cocaine and MDMA on neurotransmitter reuptake?
They block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and serotonin.
176
What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors discussed?
* Alpha receptors * Beta receptors
177
What types of medications will be discussed in relation to adrenergic receptors?
* Alpha blockers * Beta blockers
178
True or False: Tricyclic antidepressants only affect norepinephrine levels.
False, they block net and serotonin transporters. Preventing reuptake in both
179
What is the impact of increasing norepinephrine in the synapse?
It enhances its activity and effects.
Pharm
flashcards
Decks in class (37)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions