Sedatives Flashcards by M R

What is a setting of hypnotic?

Something that causes sedation and hypnosis

Hypnosis is a deep sleep state, and it can be associated with amnesia.

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What are the two forms of the GABA receptor?

GABA A
GABA B

GABA A is primarily responsible for inducing the sedative hypnotic state.

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True or false: Hypnosis and amnesia always occur together.

FALSE

In some cases, hypnosis and amnesia can occur together, but not always.

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What are the two classifications of general anesthetic agents?

Inhaled
Injected

These classifications determine how the anesthetics are administered.

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What is the primary mechanism of action for sedative hypnotics?

Enhancing GABA activity

This primarily affects the GABA A receptor, leading to sedation and hypnosis.

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What are the common uses of benzodiazepines?

Anxiety
Insomnia
Sedation
Amnesia before medical procedures
Epilepsy

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for these conditions.

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What is the main risk associated with barbiturates?

Lethal overdose potential

Barbiturates have a narrow therapeutic index and high potential for tolerance and dependence.

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What are the two types of barbiturates based on duration of action?

Short-acting
Long-acting

Short-acting barbiturates are often used for sedation, while long-acting ones are used for epilepsy.

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Fill in the blank: Benzodiazepines can be administered in multiple ways, including _______.

PO, IV, PR, IM, nasal spray

This versatility allows for various clinical applications.

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What is the common effect of alcohol at low to moderate levels?

Removes anxiety and fosters euphoria

Alcohol has been used for about 7,000 years and is the most commonly abused drug worldwide.

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What is the primary effect of GABA binding to its receptor?

Opens the chloride channel, causing hyperpolarization

This hyperpolarization prevents excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

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What is the drug of choice for day care surgery?

Propofol

Propofol is favored for its rapid induction and quick recovery.

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What is the main concern with benzodiazepine overdose?

Respiratory depression

This can occur, especially when combined with other CNS depressants.

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What is the historical significance of phenobarbital?

Introduced in 1912, with 50 different versions developed in subsequent years

It was one of the first widely used barbiturates.

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What are the two categories of general anesthetics based on administration?

Inhaled
Injected

These categories affect how anesthesia is delivered to the patient.

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What is the common side effect of barbiturates?

Drowsiness

This can impair driving, judgment, and memory.

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What is the primary action of benzodiazepines?

Depress all levels of the central nervous system

They enhance GABA activity, leading to sedation and anxiolytic effects.

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What is the half-life of propofol?

Two to eight minutes

This rapid half-life makes propofol suitable for day surgery.

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What is the primary effect of propofol on neurotransmission?

Enhances GABA-A transmission

This leads to hyperpolarization of the neuron, preventing neurotransmission.

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True or false: Propofol is an amnesiac.

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FALSE

Propofol does not work at glutamate receptors, which are responsible for amnesia.

List some additional effects of propofol beyond anesthesia.

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Anti-emetic
Anti-puritic
Anti-convulsive
Attenuation of bronchoconstriction

These effects can vary depending on the formulation used.

What are some adverse effects of propofol?

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Drombophlebitis
Difficulty breathing
Hypotension
Pulmonary embolism
Propofol infusion syndrome

Adverse effects can vary based on patient susceptibility and dosage.

What is propofol infusion syndrome?

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A condition that can occur with high-dose infusions of propofol

Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse.

Fill in the blank: Ethanol is a __________ that exhibits zero-order kinetics at high doses.

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sedative hypnotic

its metabolism does not follow the typical first-order kinetics after one standard drink

What is the **alcohol dehydrogenase pathway**?

The primary pathway for metabolizing ethanol ## Footnote It converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is responsible for hangover symptoms.

What medication blocks the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate?

Disulfiram (Antabuse) ## Footnote This causes hangover-like symptoms when alcohol is consumed.

What are the effects of **chronic alcohol abuse** on the liver?

* Fatty liver * Alcoholic hepatitis * Cirrhosis ## Footnote 15 to 30% of heavy drinkers may develop liver disease.

What neurotransmitter does ethanol enhance the action of?

**GABA** ## Footnote This enhancement leads to sedation and relief of anxiety.

What is the effect of ethanol on **glutamate**?

Inhibits glutamate's ability to open cation channels ## Footnote This contributes to the amnesiac quality of ethanol.

What is the **primary pathway** for chronic drinkers to metabolize alcohol?

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system ## Footnote This pathway involves additional enzymes and can lead to tolerance and dependence.

What are the **effects** of sedative hypnotics on sleep?

* Calming * Decreased time to fall asleep * Decreased REM sleep at high doses ## Footnote Higher doses can lead to undesirable sleep patterns.

What is the **role** of NAD in the metabolism of ethanol?

Converted to NADH during oxidation reactions ## Footnote Excess NADH can contribute to weight gain.

What is the **effect** of alcohol on sleep patterns?

Rapid induction to stage four sleep, less REM sleep ## Footnote Alcohol disrupts normal sleep architecture.

What is the primary organ affected by **chronic alcohol abuse**?

liver ## Footnote The liver primarily metabolizes alcohol and is a major target for alcohol abuse.

What percentage of **heavy drinkers** are likely to develop some form of liver disease?

15 to 30% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the significant health risks associated with heavy alcohol consumption.

What is the initial condition that can develop in the liver due to alcohol abuse?

fatty liver ## Footnote Fatty liver can also be caused by excess calories, not just alcohol.

What condition progresses from **fatty liver** to inflammation due to alcohol?

alcoholic hepatitis ## Footnote This condition indicates a more severe liver response to alcohol consumption.

What is the term for the scarring of the liver that replaces normal liver tissue?

cirrhosis ## Footnote Cirrhosis is largely irreversible and can lead to liver failure.

Fill in the blank: **Tolerance** refers to needing more of the drug to get the same initial effect, while **dependence** means the body is now ________ on the drug.

reliant ## Footnote Dependence can lead to withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped.

What are the common neurological abnormalities associated with alcohol use?

* peripheral nerve injury * paresthesias * numbness and tingling ## Footnote These symptoms can indicate significant alcohol-related nerve damage.

What syndrome is associated with thiamin deficiency in alcoholics?

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ## Footnote Symptoms include paralysis of eye muscles, ataxia, confusion, and can lead to psychosis.

What is the treatment for acute alcohol symptoms that includes thiamin and other vitamins?

banana bag ## Footnote This treatment helps replenish nutrients that alcoholics may lack.

True or false: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome can lead to **delirium tremens**, which may cause hallucinations and cardiovascular disorders.

TRUE ## Footnote Severe withdrawal symptoms should be managed in a treatment facility.

What medication is FDA-approved to treat **alcohol dependence**?

naltrexone ## Footnote Naltrexone is an opiate antagonist that can help reduce alcohol cravings.

What is the purpose of **Acamprosate** in alcohol treatment?

suppressing the desire for alcohol ## Footnote It is often used as adjunct therapy for alcohol dependence.

What are common **non-pharmacologic** recommendations for treating sleep disorders?

* proper diet * regular exercise * consistent sleep schedule * avoiding excess caffeine ## Footnote Non-pharmacologic approaches are recommended before considering sleep medications.

What is the typical duration for prescriptions of sleep medications like **Ambien**?

7 to 10 days ## Footnote Clinicians usually prescribe these medications for short periods to prevent abuse.

Fill in the blank: Alcohol may induce sleepiness but suppresses _______ sleep.

REM ## Footnote This can lead to poor sleep quality and feelings of unrest the next day.

Sedatives Flashcards

(48 cards)