Lecutre 6 Notes

Question 1

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

Answer 1

Brain + spinal cord

Question 2

What is included in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Answer 2

Everything else; sensory receptors, motor fibers, visceral input

Question 3

What is the function of the afferent division of the nervous system?

Answer 3

Input → CNS

Question 4

What is the function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

Answer 4

Output → effectors (muscles, glands)

Question 5

What type of muscle does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 5

Skeletal muscle

Question 6

What is the primary characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

Involuntary

Question 7

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 7

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 8

What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

Rest & Digest (trophotropic)

Question 9

What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

Fight or Flight (ergotropic)

Question 10

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 10

Gut-based neural network, semi-independent

Question 11

How many neurons are in the somatic nervous system from CNS to muscle?

Answer 11

One long neuron

Question 12

How many neurons are in the autonomic nervous system from CNS to effectors?

Answer 12

Two-neuron chain (preganglionic + postganglionic)

Question 13

What type of fibers does the sympathetic nervous system have?

Answer 13

Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers

Question 14

Where are chain ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 14

Near spinal cord

Question 15

What is the main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 15

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 16

What type of receptors do cholinergic receptors respond to?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 17

• Nicotinic
• Muscarinic

Question 18

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 18

• Alpha-1
• Alpha-2
• Beta-1
• Beta-2
• Beta-3

Question 19

What is the effect of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 19

Vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction

Question 20

What do beta-1 adrenergic receptors primarily affect?

Answer 20

Heart (↑ rate, ↑ contractility)

Question 21

What is the effect of beta-2 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 21

Bronchodilation in lungs, vasodilation in skeletal muscle arterioles

Question 22

What are sympathomimetics?

Answer 22

Drugs that stimulate sympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Name a direct-acting sympathomimetic.

Answer 23

Epinephrine

Question 24

What are sympatholytics?

Answer 24

Drugs that block sympathetic effects

Question 25

What is the function of autoreceptors?

Answer 25

Presynaptic receptors responding to own neurotransmitter (negative feedback)

Question 26

What does the baroreceptor reflex do when blood pressure increases?

Answer 26

Parasympathetic activation (vagus nerve slows HR)

Question 27

What neurotransmitter is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine

Question 28

What is the primary method of clearing norepinephrine?

Answer 28

Reuptake (NET transporter)

Question 29

List the classes of neurotransmitters.

Answer 29

* Esters * Monoamines * Amino acids * Peptides * Purines * Gases

Question 30

What is an example of a peptide neurotransmitter?

Answer 30

Substance P (pain)

Question 31

What type of drug is used to treat asthma?

Answer 31

β₂ agonists (e.g., albuterol)

Question 32

What type of medication is used for hypertension?

Answer 32

β-blockers, α-blockers, or RAAS inhibitors

Question 33

What is the role of β₁ receptors in heart failure treatment?

Answer 33

Target β₁ receptors to reduce workload

Question 34

True or False: SSRIs increase serotonin levels in depression treatment.

Answer 34

True