1
Q
Accessories to protect the EST’s other then eyebrows med eyelids include;
A
Conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extensive eye muscles
2
Q
Conjunctiva is an opaque membrane that helps to lubricate the iris
A
F. Transparent mucous membrane producing lubricating secretion
3
Q
The palpedral conjunctive is a membrane on the upper side of the eyelids
A
F. The lower
4
Q
The bulbar conjunctive is a membrane that covers what parts of the ideas other than the corneas
A
White
5
Q
The conjunctival sac is the space between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva where
A
Contact lenses rest
6
Q
The lacrimal apparatus has ducts
A
7
Q
In other words ) lacrimal gland in the lateral end of the eye secretes lacrimal glads
A
Gland, tears
8
Q
Blinking pairs lacrimal canaliculi with glands
A
F. Via lacrimal punch
9
Q
The tears empty into the nasal cavity via lacrimal sac and nano lacrimal ducts
A
T
10
Q
The eyeball wall consists of two layers: fibrous and vascular
A
F. Also inner
11
Q
Fibrous: sclera and retina
Inner: choroid:
Vascular: cilany body, iris,, retina
A
F: sclera a cornea
Vi choroid, ciliary Hedy iris
I: Petra
12
Q
The internal cavities w/ fluids are called
A
Humors
13
Q
Corneas
A
14
Q
Ciliary body
A
15
Q
Iris
A
16
Q
Retina
A
26
17
Q
Blue ones, rods, green cones, and red cores are associated with…?
A
420,500,530,560
18
Q
Convex vs concave
A
Thick in center/edges
19
Q
The focal pointin convex lens formsfrom right to left
A
Converging at point. Reversed Inge from left to right
20
Q
The cornea is the interior one sixth of the fibrous layer
A
F. Anterior
21
Q
The epithelium covers only one surface
A
F. Both inner and outer
22
Q
The outer surface can be prone to…?
A
Abrasions/damage
23
Q
The inner layer, corneal endothelium contains chlorine pumps to help with clarify
A
F. Uses potassium pumps to reduce water
24
Q
Pain receptors contribute to what kinds of reflexes
A
Blinking and tearing
25
The ciliary body is a result of the
Choroid
26
The ciliary body is made up of a thin ring of tissue surrounding the lens
F. Thin
27
The ciliary mucles helps to control what part of the lens
Its shape
28
The ciliary zonule, otherwise known as suspensory ligaments, extends from the processes to hold the lens
T
29
The pupil controlling light, constrict and constract is an autosympathetic control
F. Parasympathetic
30
The dilator pupillae contracts and dilating is a sympathetic control, since the muscles are used for close vision and opening light
F. Distant vision, dim light
31
The retina is connects to _______ that contains
Brain. Photoreceptors, neurons, glial cells
32
The two layered membrane are the outer and inner layer categorized by size
F. By pigmented or neural
33
The inner layer of the retina only covers the iris
F. Also ciliary body
34
Retina's inner layer is made up of multiple cells next to the choroid
F. Single thick lining
35
The neural layer of the retina has smooth eges called the ora serrata
F. serrated edges
36
The three main typs of neurons are
Photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion
37
Ganglion cells axons enter the eye as an optic nerve
F. Exit
38
Signals spread from the ganglion, bipolar, and photoreceptor cells in that order
F. Opp order
39
The optic disc is a part of the ciliary layer
F
40
The optic disc is where optic nerves enter the eye. Because it lacks photoreceptors, there is a...?
F. Enters the eye. Blindspot
41
Describe the rods
Night vision, more, no colour vision, at the edges
42
Describe the cone s
Light vision, less, colour vision, central
43
The macula lutea area has the most rod cells
F. Cones
44
The fovea centralis is a large pit in the middle of the macula lutea that contains a few cones for visual acuity
F. Small put, contains all cones
45
Retinal detachment can usually be fixes on its own
F. Reattachment with laser surgery, can lead to blindness
46
The lens changes shapes beacuse of three regions
F. Two regions: epithelium and fibers
47
Because lens fibers and continually taken away, the lens becomes more sparse, less convex, and less elastic
F. Opp of everything
48
Lens fibers are able to form with a transparent protein called
Crystallin
49
The pathway f the light entering the eye is:
Cornea
Aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
neural layer
photoreceptors
T
50
The light is usually refracted four times:
1) Entering cornea
2) Enter lens
3) Leaving lens
4) Leaving cornea
F. Does not leave the cornea
51
What about the lens changes when adjusting for fine focusing
Its curvature
52
The lens flattens for close vison and bulges for distant vision
F. Opp
53
Photoreceptors consists of cell bodies, synaptic terminal, and one segment of light vision
F. Two segments: Outer and Inner
54
Why is it that rods cannot look at colour vision
Only one pigment exists
55
About 10 ods can converge into one ganglion
F. 100
56
The brain can put together, accurate, high acuity resolution images because cons have
Their own ganglion cell
57
Cones usually have up to four pigments
F. Three
58
The retinal are molecules that combine with sugars to form visual pigments
F. combine with a protein (opsin)
59
Retinals are synthesixed from Vitamin B
F. Vitamin A
60
What does it mean visually whne cone wavelegnths overlap to trigger more than one cone?
Enables colour hues
61
Retinal isomers are bent in form in the light, but straightens out in the dark
F. Opp
62
Phototransduction is a process where pigment is captures through light photons, converting this into a resting receptor potential
F. Graded
63
The deep purple pigments of rods are rhodopsin which are arranged in the rod's center segment
F. Outer
64
The five steps of ehodopsin formation and breakdown include:
Pigment Synthesis
Pigment Colouring
Pigment Bleaching
Pigment Projection
Pigment Regeneration
F. Only three: synthesis, bleaching, regen
65
Pigment sunthesi sis where opsin and all-trans-retinal combine to form rhodopsin in the dark
F. 11-cis retinal
66
Pigment bleaching is when the rhodopsin absrobs light, the isomer changes. This makes the retinal and opsin come together
F. They separate, meaning rhodopsin breakdown
67
The pigment regeneration is when the all-trans-retinal converts back to 11-cis-retinal, regenerating in the outer segments
T.
68
Light transduction is when the rhodopstin activates an C protein called transducin
F. G protein
69
The transducin activies PDE, breaking down into cAMP
F. cGMP
70
In transduction, as the light breaks down cGMP, the cell depolarizes
F. Hyperpolarizes
71
In other words, what does hyperpolarization mean in transduction?
Another signal for vision
72
The photoreceptors and bipolar cells can generate most potential energy but just graded potentials most of the time
F. Only graded
73
When light hyperpolarizes photoreceptor cells, they rapidly release inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate to ganglion cells/
F. They stop releasing, and to bipolar cells
74
The bipolar cells depolarizes and release neurotransmitters to the...?
Ganglion cells
75
Ganglion cells usually generate Aps, so they can go from the optic nerve to the brain
T.
76
What kinds of receptors are used in olfaction and gustation?
Chemoreceptors
77
Chemicals need to be dissolved in aqueous solutions to be picked up by the receptors. This means that for olfaction and gustation, what kinds of solutions are used?
Nasal fluids and saliva
78
The olfactory epithelium are location on the lower of the nasal cavity
F. Roof of nasal cavity
79
How do bipolar neurons radiate with the olfactory regions?
Through its cilia
80
What kinds of cell surround and cushion olfactory receptors
Supporting
81
The olfactory stem cells lie at the base of the epithelium
T
82
Olfactory neurons are unusual ____ neurons
Bipolar
83
Thick apical dendrites terminate in the knobs
F, thin
84
The bundles of myelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells father in fascicles that make up filaments of the cranial nerve I
F. The axons are non-myelinated
85
Humans have about 1000 smell genes active in the nose
F. ~400
86
The proteins are usually only able to respond to one odor
F. Can responded to more
87
Contrary, receptors cells have multiple receptor proteins
F. Usually only one
88
Pain and temperature receptors responded to irritants like...?
Ammonia, hot/cold through chili peppers/menthol
89
To be able to smell, the substance must be
Volatile, gaseous, and dissolve in olfactory epithelium fluid
90
The activation of olfactory sensory neurons:
Closes cation channels
F. Opens them
91
What does it mean when the AP reaches the threshold?
The first relay station in the olfactory bulb is conducted
92
When the odoran binds to the receptor, it activiates a G protein
T
93
The second messenger in G protein activation (olfactory) causes the second messenger to synthesize. This is called...?
cAMP again
94
The sodium influx in smell transduction cases hyperpolarization and impulses transmission
F. Depolarization
95
Olfactory adaptation is when calcium influx causes an increased responses to the stimulus/
F. decreased
96
An example of olfactory adaption is how...?
People cant smell an odor after sitting in a smelly room for a long time
97
Filaments of olfactory nerves synapse mitral cells located in the olfactory epithelium membrane
F. In the bulb
98
Mitral cells are first order neurons forming the gland
F. Second -order, forming the tract
99
Glomeruli is when...?
Synapse occuring in structures
100
Axons from neurons with the same receptor type converge on a given type of duct
Glomerulus
101
The function of mitral cells include
Amplify, refine, relay signals
102
The papillae on taste buds are divided into three types:
Fungiform
Foliate
Vallate
T
103
Fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped with 1-5 taste buds centered around the middle of the tongue
F. Scattered all across
104
Foliate papillae are the largest, forming a V at the back of the tongue
F. That's Vallate
105
Vallate papillae are on the side walls of the tongue, more numerous in childhood
F. That's foliate
106
Gustatory epithelial cells have gustatory hairs bathing projecting into taste pores in saliva. This gustatory hairs are a type of...?
Microvili
107
Receptor membranes are
108
Sensory dendrites :
Coil around gustatory hairs to send taste signals to the brain
F. They coil around the epithelial cells
109
Basal epithelial cells are dynamic stem cells that dont divide because of their longevitiy and elasticity.
F. They divide 7-10 days
110
The five different basic taste sensations include
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
111
Taste likes and dislikes are valuable for ...?
Not eating harmful substances like spoiled or poison
111
To taste something, the three requirements are to:
Dissolved in saliva, diffuse into taste pore, contacts gustatory hairs
112
Which taste receptors are the most sensitive
Bitter
113
When tastant depolarizes the cell membrane of the gustatory epithelial, this causes a release of a
NT
114
Taste adapts in milliseconds, but the complete one is usually ~10 minutes
F. 3-5 secs, complete in 1-5 mins
115
Taste transduction:
Gustatory epithelial cell depolarizations are caused by
116
While salty is caused by sodium influx, sour taste is due to what ion opening channels for cations?
Hydrogen
117
There are unique receptors for sweet, bitter, and umami but are coupled to G proteins called
Gustducin
118
Activation causese release of stored calium that closes cation channels, the NT that releases is
Opens channels, ATP
119
For the three major areas of the ear, what area is responsible for both hearing and equilibrium?
Internal/inner
120
Another word for the auricle is
Pinna
121
Another word for the external acoustic meatus is
The auditory canal
122
The auditory canal is lined with
Hairs, sebaceous glands, earwax
123
Another word for the ceriminous glands are
Earwax glands
124
Sounds are transmitted to what part of the outer ear
Eardrum
125
Another word for the tympanic membrane is
The eardrum
126
The boundary between the external and middle eats are
The eardrum
127
The eardrum is a thick translucent hyaline tissue membrane
F. Thin and connective
128
The middle eat is small, fluid-fulled mucousa-lined caivty in temporal bone
F. Air filled
129
The bony wall of the eardrum contains what type of shapes?
Oval and round membranous windows
130
The auditory ossicles include four small bones.
F. three: malleus, incus, stapes
131
The shape of the malleus is a
Hammer
132
The shape of the incus is a
Anvil
133
The shape of the stapes is a _________ into the _________ window
stirrup, oval
134
The internal ear is also referred to as a maze, located behind...?
The eye socket
135
The two major divisions of the internal ear include
Bony and membranous
136
The bony labyrinth are divided into three reasons: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
T
137
Perilymph fluid is in the _____ and similar to ______
Perilymph, CSf
138
Vestibule is a central squamous shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth
F. Egg-shaped
139
The saccule is continuous with semicircular canals and the utricle is continuous with semicircular canals
F. Opposite
140
The equilibrium receptor regions of the ear are called...?
The maculae
141
The semicurcular canals are oriented in three planes. What are they called?
Anterior, lateral, posterior
142
The membranous semicircular ducts line in each canal to comm with...?
Utricle
143
The equilibrium receptor regions are called
Crista ampullaris
144
The enlarged area of ducts of each canal are called
Ampulla
145
The cochlea is a flat, conical, bony chamber that takes up most of the internal ear
F. It's conical and small
146
The cochlear duct houses the spiral organ and ends at the...?
Cochlear apex
147
The cochlea's cavity is split up into:
Scala vestibule, media, tympani
Ducts: Vestibular, cochlear, tympanic
148
The helicotrema is another word for
The apex
149
The vestibular membrane is comparable to the ______ of the cochlear ducts, separating the ________ and _________
Roof, media, vestibuli
150
The external wall of the cochlear duct is compsed of mucosa, is called
Stria vascularis
151
The stria vascularis secretes
Endolymph
152
The floor of the cochlea ducts is compsed of bony spiral lamina
Also the basilar membrane
153
The basilar membrane supports the entire...?
Cochlea
154
The cochlear brance of nerve VIII runs from where to where
Spiral organ to brain
155
The pathway of sound:
Tympanic membrane transfers vibration of eardrum to the oval window while the auditory ossicles vibrate from the sound waves
F. Opp
156
Tympanic membranes are about 10X small than the oval window, so the vibration is amplified the same way
F. 20X
157
Identify this area: The stapes rocking back and forth on the oval window with each vibration, causing wave motions in the perilymph
Scala vestibuli
157
Identify this area: Waves with frequencies below threshold of the hearing travel through helicotrema and scali tympani to round window
Helicotrema
158
Identify this area: Sounds in hearing range go through cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane at a specific location, according to frequency of sound
Basilar membrane
159
Cochlear hair cells have microvili that contain stereocilia that bend at their base. What are these?
Hairs
160
The longest hair cells (other wrd) are connected to shortest hair cells via ______
Kinocilium, tip links
161
Endolymph is Ca rich
F. K
162
The stereociilia and kinocilium tangle together in ________ membrane
Hint: Gel-like
tectorial
163
Exciting inner hair calls cause what ion channels to open
Potassium and calcium
164
Bending of stereocilia to the konger ones causes tip links to relax
F. Shorter
165
When ion chennels close, this leads to depolarization
F. Repolarization and sometimes hyperpoalrization
BLG 101
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
-
BLG 202 quiz 163
-
NSE 101 QUIZ 323
-
Cell parts21
-
BLG WEEK 130
-
Tissues51
-
Epithelia Pt 214
-
Connective Tissue43
-
Connective Tissues 240
-
Tissue Repair10
-
Integumentary Systems: Cells In The Epidermis14
-
Epidermis Layers15
-
Dermis Lyaers22
-
Skin Colour10
-
Bones & Skeletal Tissues53
-
Muscle Systems74
-
Hair4
-
Lesson 1068
-
Lesson 7109
-
Lesson 81
-
Lesson 9167
