Long-Tern Memory
Retains abstracted semantic information
Amnesia
Severely impaired long-term memory due to brain trauma.
Retrograde Amnesia
Difficulty remembering events that occurred leading up to the event
Anterograde Amnesia
Difficulty remembering any new information they encounter
HM
Had Hippocampus removed, could not form new long-term memories.
Double Dissociation
States that two regions of the brain are involved in memory, however they work independently.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information without any additional thought about it.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Repeating information while considering the meaning. More effective.
Serial Position Effect
When given a long string of numbers to repeat, recall performance is U-shaped. (remember first and last letters better)
Recency Effect
The tendency to remember information presented at the end of a sequence.
Primacy Effect
The tendency to remember information presented earlier in a sequence.
Levels of Processing Theory
The more deeply people processed a word, the better they remembered it.
Level of Processing Theory Example
People performed better in word memory task when it fit into a completion sentence. Context helps remember things.
Memory Retrieval Cues
Something you are familiar with from everyday life can help you retrieve information stored in LTM.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
How well a later memory cue matches the way it was encoded.
Encoding Specificity
Any cue associated with encoding can help facilitate later retrieval.
Godden & Baddeley Scuba Memory
People recalling words performed better in learning the words underwater in scuba gear.
Context-Dependent Memory
Memory is improved when we have consistent environment at the time of encoding and retrieval.
State-Dependent Memory
Memory is improved when we have consistent internal states and moods at the time of encoding and retrieval.
Spacing Effect
Recall is higher when information is repeated over multiple spaced out periods.
Testing Effect
Information is better remembered if the individual has to retrieve it on their own rather than being passively exposed to it.
Two Types of LTM
Explicit and Implicit
Explicit/Declarative Memory
Memories that we can verbally describe or declare.
Episodic Memory
Memories of events that happened directly to us in our lives. Can recall sensory information.
