Cogn. Psych > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

Processing sensory info to determine what is in the world; useful in behavior decisions

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Conversion of physical properties into neural code by the PNS

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Converting stimulation into neural code.

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4
Q

Neural Code

A

Frequencies of action potentials that the brain interprets

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5
Q

Exteroception

A

Measurement & interpretation of external stimuli

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6
Q

Interoception

A

Measuring internal body properties

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7
Q

Proprioception

A

Limb position

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8
Q

Nociception

A

Pain

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9
Q

Equilibrioception

A

Balance

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10
Q

What are the 5 senses?

A

Sight, Hearing, Touch, Taste, Smell

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11
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to force/pressure

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to heat & cold

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14
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light

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15
Q

Eye

A

Gathers/focuses light

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16
Q

Cornea

A

Bends lights

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17
Q

Iris

A

Colored muscle ring

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18
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in iris, regulates light

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19
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive layer; containing photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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20
Q

In the retina, where does light from above hit?

A

The bottom of the retina

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21
Q

In the retina, where does light from below hit?

A

The top of the retina

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22
Q

Rods

A

Low light, peripheral vision, no colour, low resolution

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23
Q

Basic Steps of Sensory/Perceptual System

A
  1. Physical energy into neural code by sense
  2. Transmission to brain through subcortical and cortical structures
  3. Processing in the cortex to create behavior
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24
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods & Cones; light sensitive neurons

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25
Where are rods located?
The periphery - spread throughout the retina
26
Where are cones located?
the Fovea - Packed into center of the retina
27
Optic Nerve
Bundle of axons sending signals to brain; creates a blind spot
28
Hierarchal processing of Vision
Neurons respond to increasingly complex properties higher up in the system
29
Agnosia
Impaired recognition
30
Semantic Agnosia
Cannot recognize objects/functions
31
Prosopagnosia
Cannot recognize faces
32
FFA (Fusiform Face Area)
Active in face recognition
33
LOC (Lateral Occipital Cortex)
Active in object recognition
34
Greeble Experiment (Gautier & Tarr)
FFA responds to expertise with similar stimuli, not JUST faces
35
Sparse Coding
Theory that sensory information is represented in the brain by the strong activation of a small subset of neurons.
36
Dorsal Visual System
37
Pinna
Captures sound
38
Ear Canal
Amplifies & transmits
39
Eardrum
Vibrates, passes sound to ossicles
40
Ossicles
Tiny bones transmitting frequencies to the cochlea
41
Cochlea
Coiled bone filled with fluid containing basilar membrane
42
Basilar Membrane
Has mechanoreceptors (hair cells) transduce sound
43
How does the auditory nervous system work?
Turns sound waves into mechanical waves into neural signals
44
Why are ears complicated?
They are designed to fit the liquid environment of the brain.
45
Tonotocip Map
Sound signal is systemically organized into different frequencies as it is sent to the brain
46
Primary Auditory Cortex
Responds to pitch and rhythm of sound waves
47
Distance: Short, choppy sound waves?
Increased frequency
48
Distance: Long, slower sound waves?
Decreased frequency
49
Height of waves based on vibration: High vibration?
Higher amplitude
50
Height of waves based on vibration: Low vibration?
Lower amplitude
51
Taste (Gustation)
Chemicals bind to receptors on taste buds
52
5 receptor types
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Savoury, Bitter (umami)
53
Primary Gustatory Cortex
Lateral Sulcus & Frontal Lobe
54
Olfaction
Smell
55
Olfactory epithelium
A strip of tissue in the nasal cavity with millions of chemical receptors.
56
Olfactory Bulb
Specialized brain structure at the bottom of the forebrain.
57
Flavour
Combination of taste & smell (smell contributes more)
58
Somatosensation
Touch using mechanoreceptors
59
Cortical Homunculus
Map of touch on somatosensory cortex; hand/lips are enlarged due to high receptor density
60
Constructive Theory of Perception
Perception is the brain's attempt to construct a model of the external world based on sensory input.
61
Direct Theory of Perception
Behaviour is directly based on sensory input from the environment without the construction of mental model.
62
Illusion
Errors in perception when brain infer incorrectly
63
Bistable Stimuli
Ambiguous stimuli that flip between tow interpretations
64
Bottom-Up Processing
Driven by raw sensory input
65
Top-down Processing
Driven by prior knowledge & expectations
66
Phonemic Restoration Effect
Brain fills in missing sounds using context
67
Image Segmentation
Separating objects from the background
68
Ground-Figure Assignment
Deciding which side of a boundary is object vs background
69
Cues of Ground-Figure Assignment
Convexity: Bias to assign figure or ground based on shape contour Symmetry: Assigned figure bias to shapes with bilateral mirror symmetry. Smaller Region: Assigned figure bias to smaller objects, the bigger ones are the background.
70
Gestalt Grouping Cues
Similarity, Proximity, Good continuation
71
Depth Perception Cues
occlusion, motion parallax, binocular disparity.
72
Binocular Disparity
Slight different images form each eye create depth perception
73
Steropsis
The brain uses differences in disparity to determine the depth of the objects relative to fixation
74
Recognition
Matching stimulus to memory
75
Template Model
Matching an object stored in memory point by point, much like taking a picture with a camera.
76
Identification
The ability to identify the same object or person across variations
77
Classification
Recognizing an object as a member of a category even if one has never encountered that specific example.
Cogn. Psych
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