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lymphatic system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one of the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Collect interstitial fluid not reabsorbed by capillary beds
  • Transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins from gastrointestinal tract to blood
  • Protect against invasion of microorganisms through immune responses

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immune function.

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2
Q

The lymphatic system consists of a system of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, and ducts containing what?

A

lymph

It is associated with lymphatic organs containing leukocytes.

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3
Q

True or false: The return of lymph is based on the same factors as the return of blood in veins.

A

TRUE

Factors include skeletal muscle contraction and pressure differences.

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4
Q

Approximately what percentage of filtered fluid is collected by the lymphatic system?

A

15%

This fluid is not reabsorbed by capillary beds.

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5
Q

Lymph is composed of which components?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Dietary lipids
  • Lipid-soluble vitamins
  • Lymphocytes

Lymph is formed at capillary beds where reabsorption of fluid does not equal the amount filtered from the blood.

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6
Q

Lymph forms at capillary beds where the reabsorption of fluid doesn’t quite equal the amount of fluid _______.

A

filtered from the blood

The excess fluid remains as interstitial fluid and is drawn into the lymphatic capillaries.

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7
Q

The lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine take up large lipid molecules that cannot _______ into blood capillaries.

A

diffuse

This process allows for the absorption of dietary lipids.

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8
Q

Pathogens can also move into lymphatic capillaries, thus the presence of _______ in lymph.

A

leukocytes

Leukocytes play a crucial role in the immune response.

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9
Q

What are the components of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic capillaries
  • Lymphatic ducts
  • Lymphatic tissue
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Other lymphatic tissue aggregations

These components play crucial roles in lymphatic circulation and immunity.

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10
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic circulation

Lymphatic vessels transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells.

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11
Q

What is the function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

A

Immunity

The thymus is essential for the development of T-cells, which are critical for adaptive immunity.

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12
Q

True or false: Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system and play a role in immunity.

A

TRUE

Lymph nodes filter lymph and house immune cells that help fight infections.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The spleen is involved in _______ and is a component of the lymphatic system.

A

immunity

The spleen filters blood and helps in the production of immune responses.

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14
Q

What are tonsils classified as within the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic tissue

Tonsils help protect against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.

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15
Q

What are the three types of circulation in the human body?

A
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Pulmonary Circulation
  • Lymphatic Circulation

These circulatory systems play distinct roles in transporting blood and lymph throughout the body.

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16
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph and support immune function

Lymph nodes are crucial for the body’s immune response.

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17
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Small vessels that collect lymph fluid

They are the starting point of the lymphatic system.

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18
Q

What is the role of the subclavian vein in the lymphatic system?

A

Drains lymph into the bloodstream

It connects the lymphatic system to the circulatory system.

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19
Q

True or false: Lymphatic vessels have valves similar to veins.

A

TRUE

Valves in lymphatic vessels prevent backflow of lymph fluid.

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20
Q

What do pulmonary blood capillaries do?

A

Facilitate gas exchange in the lungs

They are essential for oxygenating blood.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The heart is central to the _______ circulation.

A

systemic

The heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic circulation.

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22
Q

What is the function of valves in the circulatory system?

A

Prevent backflow of blood and lymph

Valves ensure unidirectional flow in vessels.

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23
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic capillaries
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Subclavian vein

These components work together to transport lymph and support immune function.

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24
Q

What is the primary role of arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Arteries are crucial for delivering oxygen to tissues.

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25
What do **systemic blood capillaries** do?
Exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissues ## Footnote They are the sites of nutrient delivery and waste removal.
26
What are **lymphatic capillaries**?
Smallest lymphatic vessels ## Footnote Found within capillary beds of most tissues.
27
What type of vessels are lymphatic capillaries?
Blind-ended vessels that convey lymph in one direction ## Footnote They are designed to transport lymph fluid.
28
What is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?
Thin walled - simple squamous epithelium ## Footnote This structure facilitates the absorption of interstitial fluid.
29
What do the **flap-like valves** in lymphatic capillaries allow?
Allow interstitial fluid to be sucked in, but it cannot leave ## Footnote This mechanism helps maintain lymph flow.
30
Where are lymphatic capillaries found?
Within capillary beds of most tissues ## Footnote They play a crucial role in the lymphatic system.
31
What is the relationship of lymphatic capillaries to **tissue cells** and **blood capillaries**?
They are interconnected, facilitating fluid exchange ## Footnote Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid from tissue cells.
32
What do **lymphatic vessels** collect from lymphatic capillaries?
lymph ## Footnote Lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in the lymphatic system by transporting lymph.
33
What are the **two largest lymphatic vessels** called?
* Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) * Right lymphatic duct ## Footnote These ducts are responsible for returning lymph to the bloodstream.
34
The **left lymphatic duct** drains lymph from which areas of the body?
* Left side of the head * Neck * Chest * Left arm * Both sides of the body below the ribs ## Footnote This duct is also known as the thoracic duct.
35
The **right lymphatic duct** drains lymph from which areas of the body?
* Right side of the head * Neck * Chest * Right arm ## Footnote This duct is smaller than the left lymphatic duct.
36
What do **lymphatic vessels** collect from lymphatic capillaries?
lymph ## Footnote Lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in the lymphatic system by transporting lymph.
37
What are the **two largest lymphatic vessels** called?
* Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) * Right lymphatic duct ## Footnote These ducts are responsible for returning lymph to the bloodstream.
38
The **left lymphatic duct** drains lymph from which areas of the body?
* Left side of the head * Neck * Chest * Left arm * Both sides of the body below the ribs ## Footnote This duct is also known as the thoracic duct.
39
The **right lymphatic duct** drains lymph from which areas of the body?
* Right side of the head * Neck * Chest * Right arm ## Footnote This duct is smaller than the left lymphatic duct.
40
What is the **location** of the **thymus**?
Superior to the heart ## Footnote The thymus is a bilobed organ involved in the maturation of T lymphocytes.
41
What is the primary function of the **thymus**?
Site of T lymphocyte maturation ## Footnote T cells become immune competent cells that can recognize foreign antigens.
42
Where do **T cells** form before migrating to the thymus?
Red bone marrow ## Footnote T cells migrate to the thymus to mature and recognize foreign antigens.
43
What do T cells learn to recognize in the thymus?
* Foreign antigens * Bacteria * Viruses * Pollen * Cancerous cells ## Footnote T cells must distinguish between foreign substances and normal body cells.
44
True or false: The **thymus** increases in size as we age.
FALSE ## Footnote The thymus shrinks as we age as T cells leave the organ.
45
What are **lymph nodes**?
Kidney bean-shaped organs found in groups along lymphatic vessels scattered throughout the body ## Footnote They play a crucial role in the immune system.
46
Where are **heavy concentrations** of lymph nodes found?
* Mammary glands * Armpits * Groin * Intestinal area ## Footnote These areas are significant for filtering lymph and immune responses.
47
What is the primary function of **lymph nodes**?
Filter lymph and present any pathogens to immune cells ## Footnote This function is vital for initiating an immune response.
48
True or false: Lymph nodes **enlarge** when you have an infection.
TRUE ## Footnote This enlargement occurs as immune cells in the node multiply to mount an immune response.
49
50
What are the **main components** of lymphatic tissue in lymph nodes?
* T cells * B cells * Dendritic cells * Follicular Macrophages * Macrophages ## Footnote These cells play crucial roles in the immune response within lymph nodes.
51
What is the **route of lymph flow** through a lymph node?
* Afferent lymphatic vessel * Subcapsular sinus * Trabecular sinus * Medullary sinus * Efferent lymphatic vessel ## Footnote This route describes how lymph percolates through the lymph node.
52
What is the function of the **germinal center** in lymph nodes?
Site for B cell proliferation and differentiation ## Footnote The germinal center is found in secondary lymphatic nodules.
53
What type of cells are found in the **inner cortex** of lymph nodes?
* T cells * Dendritic cells ## Footnote These cells are involved in the adaptive immune response.
54
What is the **function of macrophages** in lymph nodes?
Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris ## Footnote Macrophages help to filter lymph and present antigens.
55
What is the **role of the capsule** in lymph nodes?
Protective outer layer ## Footnote The capsule helps maintain the structure of the lymph node.
56
What are **afferent lymphatic vessels** responsible for?
Bringing lymph into the lymph node ## Footnote They are crucial for lymph transport and immune surveillance.
57
What is the **hilum** in a lymph node?
The area where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit ## Footnote It serves as the entry and exit point for lymphatic and vascular structures.
58
What is the **medullary sinus** in lymph nodes?
Spaces within the medulla that allow lymph to flow ## Footnote It facilitates the movement of lymph through the lymph node.
59
What is the **subcapsular sinus** in lymph nodes?
Area just beneath the capsule where lymph first enters ## Footnote It acts as a reservoir for lymph before it moves deeper into the node.
60
True or false: **B cells** are primarily located in the **medulla** of lymph nodes.
FALSE ## Footnote B cells are primarily found in the germinal centers of the outer cortex.
61
Where is the **spleen** located?
Between the stomach and diaphragm on the left side ## Footnote The spleen plays a crucial role in the lymphatic system.
62
What are the two main components of the **spleen**?
* White pulp * Red pulp ## Footnote White pulp contains lymphatic tissue for immune responses, while red pulp is involved in phagocytizing worn out red blood cells and storing blood.
63
What is the function of **white pulp** in the spleen?
Contains lymphatic tissue for immune responses ## Footnote It plays a critical role in the body's defense mechanisms.
64
What is the function of **red pulp** in the spleen?
* Phagocytizing worn out red blood cells * Storing blood in vessels ## Footnote Red pulp helps maintain blood volume and pressure.
65
What can damage to the spleen cause?
Severe intra-abdominal bleeding ## Footnote A splenectomy may be required as the vessels are too numerous to repair.
66
True or false: You can live without a **spleen**.
TRUE ## Footnote Other organs, such as the liver, can carry out the spleen's functions.
67
What are **tonsils** composed of?
Multiple aggregations of lymphatic nodules embedded in the mucous membranes of the pharynx ## Footnote Tonsils are part of the lymphatic system.
68
What is the role of **tonsils** in the immune response?
Participate in immune response and protect against invasion of foreign substances ## Footnote They help defend the body against pathogens entering via the mouth or nose.
69
What is the **immune system** also called?
resistance to disease ## Footnote The immune system is the body's defense mechanism against diseases.
70
Define **resistance** in the context of the immune system.
The ability by the body to fight off disease ## Footnote Resistance is crucial for maintaining health and preventing infections.
71
What are **pathogens**?
Disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites ## Footnote Pathogens are the agents that cause diseases.
72
Name the **two categories** of immune resistance.
* Nonspecific resistance (innate defenses) * Specific resistance (adaptive defenses) ## Footnote These categories describe the different mechanisms the body uses to defend against pathogens.
73
What does **nonspecific resistance** refer to?
A quick, general defense mechanism against a wide range of pathogens ## Footnote Nonspecific immunity involves various components including antibacterial proteins and certain white blood cells.
74
Name two types of **white blood cells** involved in nonspecific immunity.
* Macrophages * Neutrophils ## Footnote These cells play a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens.
75
Give an example of a **nonspecific defense mechanism**.
* Thick, stratified squamous epithelium of mucous membranes * Stomach juices with an acidic pH * Antibacterial substance lysozyme in tears and vaginal secretions * Fever triggered by infection and inflammation * Inflammation characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain ## Footnote These mechanisms provide immediate defense against a variety of pathogens.
76
True or false: **Fever** is a nonspecific defense mechanism triggered by infection and inflammation.
TRUE ## Footnote Fever represents an abnormally high body temperature that can help combat infections.
77
What is the role of **lysozyme** in nonspecific immunity?
An antibacterial substance found in tears and vaginal secretions ## Footnote Lysozyme helps to break down bacterial cell walls, contributing to the body's defense.
78
What is the **process** that occurs when tissue is damaged, leading to the release of chemicals?
Inflammation ## Footnote Inflammation is characterized by red, hot, swollen, and painful tissue.
79
What happens to **blood vessels** during inflammation?
* Dilate * Become leaky ## Footnote This allows more leukocytes to leave the blood and travel to the site of injury.
80
What is the term for the movement of **phagocytes** from blood to the site of tissue injury?
Emigration ## Footnote Phagocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by targeting pathogens.
81
What is **chemotaxis** in the context of inflammation?
The movement of cells towards the site of injury or infection in response to chemical signals ## Footnote This process helps direct immune cells to areas where pathogens might enter.
82
What are the **key characteristics** of inflammation?
* Redness * Heat * Swelling * Pain ## Footnote These characteristics are indicative of the body's response to tissue injury.
83
What role do **leukocytes** play in inflammation?
They travel to the area of tissue injury to combat pathogens ## Footnote Leukocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response.
84
Fill in the blank: **Vasodilation** and increased permeability are processes that occur during __________.
inflammation ## Footnote These processes facilitate the movement of immune cells to the site of injury.
85
What does **specific resistance** or **immunity** refer to?
A slower initial response to a specific pathogen or antigen involving the activation of specific lymphocytes ## Footnote This type of immunity is characterized by a targeted response to specific pathogens.
86
Which lymphocytes are involved in **specific resistance**?
* T lymphocytes (T cells) * B lymphocytes (B cells) ## Footnote These cells play crucial roles in the adaptive immune response.
87
What are **antigens**?
Large complex molecules recognized as foreign by antigen receptors on immune cells ## Footnote Antigens can include parts of bacteria, viruses, toxins, foreign tissue, and cancerous cells.
88
What is the role of **antibodies**?
Produced against antigens and involved in destroying the antigen by attracting phagocytic white blood cells ## Footnote Antibodies are crucial for the immune response to pathogens.
89
What is **memory** in the context of immunity?
The ability of the immune system to remember and respond quickly to a specific pathogen ## Footnote This feature allows for a powerful response before the pathogen can cause illness.
90
How do **vaccines** utilize the concept of **memory** in immunity?
Vaccines create a specific memory for a pathogen, enabling a quick immune response in the future ## Footnote Examples include vaccines for polio, hepatitis, influenza, yellow fever, measles/mumps/rubella, and tetanus.
91
True or false: Vaccines are considered one of the most important factors in increasing healthy lifespans worldwide.
TRUE ## Footnote Vaccines have significantly contributed to public health and longevity.
92
List some examples of **vaccines** mentioned in the text.
* Polio * Hepatitis * Influenza * Yellow fever * Measles/mumps/rubella * Tetanus ## Footnote These vaccines help in developing immunity against specific diseases.
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