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tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

Group of similar cells that function together

Tissues are the building blocks of organs and systems in the body.

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2
Q

What is Histology?

A

Study of tissues

Histology involves examining the structure and function of tissues under a microscope.

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3
Q

Name the four types of tissues.

A
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

Each type of tissue has distinct functions and characteristics.

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4
Q

What is the function of Connective tissue?

A
  • Protects
  • Supports
  • Binds
  • Provides immunity

Connective tissue plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and integrity of organs.

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5
Q

What is the function of Epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covers
  • Lines
  • Forms glands

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier and is involved in absorption and secretion.

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6
Q

What is the function of Muscle tissue?

A
  • Contracts
  • Regulates volume
  • Creates movements

Muscle tissue is essential for movement and maintaining posture.

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7
Q

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

A

Electrical communication

Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.

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8
Q

Describe the structure of Epithelial tissue.

A
  • Tightly joined cells
  • Arranged in continuous sheets
  • May be single or multiple layers

The arrangement of cells allows for various functions such as protection and absorption.

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9
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

Free surface of cell

The apical surface is exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an organ.

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10
Q

What adheres epithelial tissue to connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane at the basal surface

The basement membrane provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue.

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11
Q

List some functions of Epithelial tissue using the acronym P.A.F.L.S.R.

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
  • Lubrication
  • Sensory
  • Reception

These functions highlight the versatility of epithelial tissue in various physiological processes.

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12
Q

What are the three types of surfaces in epithelial tissue?

A
  • Apical (free) surface
  • Lateral surfaces
  • Basal surface

These surfaces play distinct roles in the function of epithelial tissue.

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13
Q

Define epithelium.

A

A type of tissue that forms protective layers and is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation

Epithelium covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

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14
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

A thin layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

It is part of the basement membrane.

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15
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

A layer of connective tissue that supports the basal lamina

It contributes to the structure of the basement membrane.

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16
Q

What types of tissues are associated with the basement membrane?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue

The basement membrane separates these two types of tissues.

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17
Q

What types of cells can be found in connective tissue?

A
  • Nerve cells
  • Blood vessel cells

Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues.

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18
Q

What are the two classifications of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Number of layers
  • Shape of cells

These classifications help in understanding the structure and function of epithelial tissues.

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19
Q

What is the characteristic of simple epithelial tissue?

A

1 layer of cells

Simple epithelial tissue is thin for improved membrane transport such as diffusion.

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20
Q

What is the characteristic of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

2 or more cell layers

Stratified epithelial tissue is thicker for protection from wear and tear.

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21
Q

What does pseudostratified epithelial tissue look like?

A

Looks multilayered, only has 1 layer

Nuclei are found at different heights in a row of cells.

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22
Q

What are the four shapes of cells in epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional

The shape of the apical surface cells determines the classification.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flatted, scale-like cells

They are thin for improved membrane transport such as filtration, diffusion, and osmosis.

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Cube-shaped with central, round nucleus

They are involved in secretion and absorption.

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25
What are the characteristics of **columnar** epithelial cells?
Tall, cylindrical cells; rectangular ## Footnote Oval nuclei appear at the same height in a row of cells; involved in protection and membrane transport.
26
What is the defining feature of **transitional** epithelial cells?
Able to change shape and stretch ## Footnote This allows them to accommodate fluctuations in the volume of the liquid in an organ.
27
What does **keratinized** epithelium describe?
Dead cells full of tough, fibrous protein for mechanical protection ## Footnote Keratinized epithelium provides a barrier against physical damage.
28
What are the characteristics of **glandular epithelium**?
Contains goblet cells which secrete sticky fluid called mucous ## Footnote Mucous acts as lubricant, traps particles, and protects the epithelium of the stomach lining.
29
What is the function of **cilia** in epithelial cells?
Thin, hair-like microtubule structures that sweep mucus-trapped particles away ## Footnote Cilia help in clearing debris from the respiratory tract.
30
What are **microvilli** and their purpose?
Extremely tiny, finger-like projections of cytoplasm that increase surface area for absorption ## Footnote Microvilli are crucial in enhancing nutrient absorption in the intestines.
31
Where is **simple squamous epithelium** typically found?
In places of little wear and tear, associated with blood capillaries and respiratory surface of lung alveoli ## Footnote It is thin to increase the rate of diffusion for gas or fluid exchange.
32
True or false: **Simple squamous epithelium** is thick and designed for high wear areas.
FALSE ## Footnote Simple squamous epithelium is thin and found in low wear areas to facilitate diffusion.
33
What type of **epithelium** is found lining the upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, uterus, and sinuses?
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium ## Footnote Adapted to move fluids or particles along passage by ciliary action.
34
What is the primary function of **cilia** in ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Move fluids or particles along passage ## Footnote Ciliary action is crucial for the movement of substances in the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
35
Where is **stratified squamous epithelium** found when it is nonkeratinized?
Lining wet surfaces ## Footnote All the cells in the layer are living.
36
Where is **keratinized stratified squamous epithelium** found?
Outer layer of skin (epidermis) ## Footnote Provides a thick, dead layer adapted for protection.
37
What is the characteristic of the cells in the **nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium**?
All cells are living ## Footnote This type of epithelium is found in moist areas of the body.
38
What does the **basement membrane** do in epithelial tissue?
Supports and anchors the epithelium ## Footnote It separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue.
39
What is the primary **function** of **glandular epithelium**?
Secretion of substances ## Footnote A gland is a highly specialized epithelial cell or group of cells that secretes substances onto surfaces, into ducts, or blood.
40
What are the **two types of glands**?
* Endocrine glands * Exocrine glands ## Footnote Each type has distinct mechanisms for secretion.
41
What do **endocrine glands** secrete?
Hormones into extracellular fluid and then usually into blood ## Footnote They are often referred to as 'ductless' glands.
42
Give an example of a **hormone** produced by an **endocrine gland**.
Human growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland ## Footnote This hormone plays a crucial role in growth and metabolism.
43
What do **exocrine glands** secrete?
Substances onto free surface of covering or lining epithelia ## Footnote Secretions usually reach the surface via tube-like ducts.
44
Name three examples of **exocrine glands**.
* Sweat glands * Oil glands (hair) * Salivary glands ## Footnote These glands have ducts that transport their secretions.
45
What is the structure of an **endocrine gland** like the **thyroid gland**?
Thyroid follicle with hormone-producing epithelial cells ## Footnote The thyroid gland stores precursors of hormones.
46
**What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue** in the body?
connective tissue ## Footnote Connective tissue plays a crucial role in supporting and connecting different tissues and organs.
47
Connective tissue consists of few cells and a matrix composed of _______ and _______.
* ground substance * fibers ## Footnote The matrix is essential for the function and structure of connective tissue.
48
Name the **cell types** found in connective tissue.
* fibroblasts * osteocytes * chondrocytes * erythrocytes * leukocytes ## Footnote Each cell type has a specific role in the maintenance and function of connective tissue.
49
What are the **types of fibers** found in connective tissue?
* collagen * elastic fibers * reticular fibers ## Footnote These fibers provide strength, elasticity, and support to the connective tissue.
50
List the **functions** of connective tissue. G.S.S.T.I
* gluing tissues together * storing energy * structural support * transport * insulation ## Footnote These functions are vital for the overall health and functionality of the body.
51
Give examples of **connective tissue**. D.C.T.L.B.B.L
* dermis of skin * cartilage * tendons and ligaments * bone * blood * lymph ## Footnote These examples illustrate the diverse forms and functions of connective tissue in the body.
52
What is the **function** of a **Fibroblast** in connective tissue?
Produces fibers and ground substance ## Footnote Fibroblasts are essential for the maintenance and repair of connective tissue.
53
What type of **fiber** is primarily responsible for providing strength and support in connective tissue?
Collagen fiber ## Footnote Collagen fibers are the most abundant and provide tensile strength.
54
What is the role of **Macrophages** in connective tissue?
Engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens ## Footnote Macrophages are key players in the immune response.
55
What type of **fiber** allows for flexibility and elasticity in connective tissue?
Elastic fiber ## Footnote Elastic fibers enable tissues to return to their original shape after stretching.
56
What is the **ground substance** in connective tissue?
The non-cellular material that fills the space between cells and fibers ## Footnote Ground substance can be liquid, gel-like, or solid.
57
What type of **cell** is known for storing fat in connective tissue?
Adipocyte ## Footnote Adipocytes are specialized for energy storage and insulation.
58
What are the **types of blood cells** found in connective tissue?
* Eosinophil * Neutrophil * Plasma cell ## Footnote These cells play various roles in immune response and inflammation.
59
What is the primary function of a **Mast cell** in connective tissue?
Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory responses ## Footnote Mast cells are crucial for allergic reactions.
60
What is the **reticular fiber** primarily composed of?
Collagen type III ## Footnote Reticular fibers form a supportive mesh in soft tissues.
61
What is the role of **blood vessels** in connective tissue?
Transport nutrients and oxygen to cells and remove waste products ## Footnote Blood vessels are essential for tissue health and function.
62
What type of **connective tissue** is described as widely distributed and glues tissues together?
Areolar connective tissue ## Footnote This tissue is found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin and in the walls of organs.
63
Where is **areolar connective tissue** primarily found?
* Subcutaneous layer of the skin * Walls of organs ## Footnote It serves to glue tissues together.
64
What are the main **cell types** found in areolar connective tissue?
* Macrophage * Plasma cell * Fibroblast * Mast cell ## Footnote These cells play various roles in tissue maintenance and immune response.
65
What types of **fibers** are present in areolar connective tissue?
* Collagen fibers * Elastic fibers * Reticular fibers ## Footnote These fibers provide strength and elasticity to the tissue.
66
True or false: Areolar connective tissue is found only in the skin.
FALSE ## Footnote It is also found in the walls of organs.
67
What is the **magnification** level mentioned for viewing areolar connective tissue?
LM 400x ## Footnote This indicates a light microscope magnification level.
68
What is the primary function of **white fat**?
* Protection * Insulation * Energy storage ## Footnote White fat contains a large number of adipocytes which store fat or triglycerides.
69
What type of tissue is **adipose tissue**?
Fat-storage area ## Footnote Adipose tissue contains a large number of adipocytes.
70
What does the **plasma membrane** refer to?
The outer boundary of a cell ## Footnote It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.
71
What is the **cytoplasm**?
The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus ## Footnote It contains various organelles and is the site for many cellular processes.
72
What is the role of the **nucleus** in a cell?
Contains genetic material and controls cellular activities ## Footnote The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.
73
What is the significance of **adipocytes**?
They store fat or triglycerides ## Footnote Adipocytes are the main cell type found in adipose tissue.
74
True or false: **Adipose tissue** is primarily involved in fat storage.
TRUE ## Footnote It serves as a fat-storage area in the body.
75
What type of **connective tissue** is characterized by collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles?
Dense regular connective tissue ## Footnote This tissue is very strong against pulling in one direction yet pliable.
76
Where is **dense regular connective tissue** primarily found?
* Tendons * Ligaments ## Footnote These structures require strength and flexibility.
77
True or false: **Dense regular connective tissue** is strong in multiple directions.
FALSE ## Footnote It is very strong against pulling in one direction.
78
What is the primary function of **collagen fibers** in dense regular connective tissue?
Provide strength and pliability ## Footnote Collagen fibers are crucial for the structural integrity of tendons and ligaments.
79
What type of muscle is associated with **dense regular connective tissue**?
Skeletal muscle ## Footnote This type of muscle is often connected to tendons made of dense regular connective tissue.
80
What is the **nucleus** of a fibroblast associated with in dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen fiber production ## Footnote Fibroblasts are responsible for synthesizing collagen fibers.
81
What is the **arrangement** of collagen fibers in **dense irregular connective tissue**?
No regular arrangement ## Footnote Collagen fibers are organized in a way that allows for strength in multiple directions.
82
Where does **dense irregular connective tissue** occur in the body?
* Fascia covering muscles * Dermis of skin * Heart valves * Joint capsules ## Footnote This tissue is found in areas where forces are exerted in more than one direction.
83
True or false: **Dense irregular connective tissue** has a regular arrangement of collagen fibers.
FALSE ## Footnote The fibers are arranged irregularly to provide strength in various directions.
84
What type of connective tissue is found in the **reticular region of the dermis**?
Dense irregular connective tissue ## Footnote This tissue supports the skin and provides strength against multidirectional forces.
85
What is the primary type of **cartilage** discussed?
Hyaline cartilage ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is capable of enduring more stress than dense connective tissue.
86
What are the cells in hyaline cartilage called?
Chondrocytes ## Footnote Chondrocytes are embedded in a pliable matrix.
87
What is the composition of the matrix in hyaline cartilage?
* Fine fibers * Gel-like ground substance ## Footnote This composition provides flexibility and support.
88
What are the functions of hyaline cartilage? List them. F.S.R.A
* Provides flexibility * Provides support * Reduces friction * Absorbs shock ## Footnote These functions are crucial for joint movement and overall skeletal health.
89
Where is **hyaline cartilage** found in the body? List at least three locations.
* Ends of long bones * Rib cartilage * Nose * Larynx * Trachea * Embryonic skeleton ## Footnote These locations highlight the importance of hyaline cartilage in both structural support and development.
90
What is the **perichondrium** in relation to hyaline cartilage?
A layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage ## Footnote The perichondrium provides nutrients and support to the cartilage.
91
True or false: Hyaline cartilage is not flexible.
FALSE ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is described as pliable and capable of enduring stress.
92
What is the magnification level used to observe the sectional view of hyaline cartilage?
400x ## Footnote This magnification allows for detailed observation of chondrocytes and the cartilage matrix.
93
What are the **cells of bone** called?
osteocytes ## Footnote Osteocytes are the primary cells found in bone tissue.
94
The matrix of bone is composed of **collagen fibers** and what other component?
minerals ## Footnote The minerals in the matrix convey hardness to the bone.
95
What do **collagen fibers** provide to bone tissue?
tensile strength ## Footnote Collagen fibers are crucial for the structural integrity of bone.
96
Bone is classified as either **compact** or __________.
spongy ## Footnote Compact bone is dense, while spongy bone is also known as cancellous bone.
97
List the functions of **bone tissue**.
* Protection * Support * Attachment for muscles * Contains red bone marrow for blood cell formation * Acts in mineral storage (especially calcium) ## Footnote These functions highlight the importance of bone in the human body.
98
What does **blood** transport throughout the body?
* Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) * Nutrients * Vitamins * Minerals * Hormones * Other substances ## Footnote Blood plays a crucial role in delivering essential materials to cells and tissues.
99
What role does blood play in the body besides transportation?
Immunity ## Footnote Blood is involved in the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.
100
Why is blood considered a **connective tissue**?
Because it is composed of widely scattered cells in a matrix ## Footnote Unlike other tissues, the cells in blood are not tightly joined.
101
What is the liquid matrix of blood called?
Plasma ## Footnote Plasma serves as the medium in which formed elements are suspended.
102
What are the **formed elements** in blood?
* Cells * Cell fragments ## Footnote These elements are suspended in the plasma and are crucial for various functions.
103
What are the **formed elements** of blood?
* Erythrocytes - red blood cells * Leukocytes - white blood cells * Thrombocytes - platelets ## Footnote These elements play crucial roles in oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting.
104
What type of blood cells are **erythrocytes**?
Red blood cells ## Footnote Erythrocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
105
What type of blood cells are **leukocytes**?
White blood cells ## Footnote Leukocytes are involved in the immune response and help protect the body against infections.
106
What are **thrombocytes** commonly known as?
Platelets ## Footnote Thrombocytes are essential for blood clotting and wound healing.
107
What is **lymph** composed of?
* Excess tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) * Less protein than plasma * No red blood cells ## Footnote Lymph flows into lymphatic vessels to be returned to the blood.
108
What are the **functions** of lymph?
* Returning excess tissue fluid to the blood * Transport of absorbed dietary fats * Immunity (presence of lymphocytes) ## Footnote Lymph plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immune response.
109
True or false: Lymph contains **red blood cells**.
FALSE ## Footnote Lymph is similar to plasma but does not contain red blood cells.
110
What is the **general function** of muscle tissue?
Respond to stimuli and contract ## Footnote Muscle tissue is specialized for movement and response.
111
Name the **three main categories** of muscle tissue.
* Skeletal muscle tissue * Cardiac muscle tissue * Smooth muscle tissue ## Footnote Each type of muscle tissue has distinct structures and functions.
112
What is the **microscopic appearance** of skeletal muscle?
Alternating light and dark regions ## Footnote This appearance is due to the overlapping arrangement of muscle proteins (actin and myosin).
113
Skeletal muscle is characterized by **voluntary contractions**. What does this mean?
Conscious control ## Footnote Skeletal muscle contractions are under the control of the nervous system.
114
What type of cells make up **skeletal muscle**?
Multinucleated, large cells ## Footnote This structure allows for greater strength and functionality in muscle contraction.
115
List the **functions** of skeletal muscle.
* Locomotion * Posture * Heat production ## Footnote These functions are essential for movement and maintaining body temperature.
116
What is the **definition** of **skeletal muscle**?
A type of muscle tissue that is striated and under voluntary control ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is responsible for movement and is attached to bones.
117
What are the **key characteristics** of **skeletal muscle fibers**?
* Striations * Multinucleated * Voluntary control ## Footnote These characteristics distinguish skeletal muscle from other types of muscle tissue.
118
What is the **function** of **skeletal muscle**?
Facilitates movement of the skeleton ## Footnote Skeletal muscles contract to produce movement and maintain posture.
119
What does the **nucleus** in skeletal muscle fibers indicate?
Presence of multiple nuclei in each fiber ## Footnote This is a characteristic feature of skeletal muscle fibers.
120
True or false: **Skeletal muscle** is under involuntary control.
FALSE ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, allowing for conscious movement.
121
What is the **magnification level** mentioned for observing skeletal muscle tissue?
400x ## Footnote This level of magnification allows for detailed observation of skeletal muscle structure.
122
What is **cardiac muscle**?
The muscle of the heart ## Footnote Cardiac muscle is essential for pumping blood throughout the body.
123
Describe the characteristics of **cardiac muscle**.
* Striated * Branched * Involuntary control * Autorhythmic ## Footnote These characteristics distinguish cardiac muscle from other muscle types.
124
True or false: **Cardiac muscle** is under voluntary control.
FALSE ## Footnote Cardiac muscle operates involuntarily, meaning it functions without conscious control.
125
What does it mean that cardiac muscle is **autorhythmic**?
Can contract on their own without nervous system input ## Footnote This property allows the heart to maintain a consistent rhythm.
126
What type of muscle is **nonstriated** and appears smooth under the microscope?
Smooth Muscle ## Footnote Smooth muscle is characterized by its lack of striations, distinguishing it from skeletal and cardiac muscle.
127
Is **smooth muscle** under voluntary or **involuntary control**?
Involuntary control ## Footnote This means that smooth muscle functions without conscious effort.
128
Where is **smooth muscle** located? List at least three locations.
* Walls of blood vessels * Airways * Stomach * Intestines * Urinary bladder ## Footnote Smooth muscle is found in various hollow structures throughout the body.
129
What are the **functions** of smooth muscle? List at least three.
* Contract to constrict the lumen of a hollow structure * Mix food * Propel food * Vary the volume of a structure ## Footnote These functions are essential for processes such as digestion and circulation.
130
What type of **muscle** is referred to as **smooth muscle**?
Smooth muscle ## Footnote Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found in various organs.
131
What is a **smooth muscle fiber**?
A cell that composes smooth muscle tissue ## Footnote Smooth muscle fibers are elongated and spindle-shaped.
132
What is the **nucleus** of a smooth muscle fiber?
The central part of the smooth muscle cell ## Footnote Each smooth muscle fiber typically contains a single, centrally located nucleus.
133
In the context of smooth muscle, what does **LM** stand for?
Light Microscopy ## Footnote LM is used to visualize smooth muscle tissue at a magnification of 350x.
134
What is observed in a **longitudinal section** of smooth muscle tissue?
The arrangement and structure of smooth muscle fibers ## Footnote Longitudinal sections help in studying the orientation of muscle fibers.
135
True or false: Smooth muscle is a type of **voluntary muscle**.
FALSE ## Footnote Smooth muscle is involuntary and not under conscious control.
136
Where is **nervous tissue** located?
* Brain * Spinal cord * Nerves * Sensory structures ## Footnote Nervous tissue plays a crucial role in the body's electrical communication.
137
What is the primary function of **nervous tissue**?
Electrical communication within the body ## Footnote It controls muscle contraction and glandular secretion.
138
Name the **two principal types of cells** in nervous tissue.
* Neurons * Neuroglia ## Footnote Neurons are responsible for transmitting signals, while neuroglia support and protect neurons.
139
What is the **structural and functional unit** of the nervous system?
Neurons ## Footnote Neurons receive sensory stimuli and send impulses to muscles, glands, or other neurons.
140
What are the **three main components** of a neuron?
* Cell body (soma) * Axon * Dendrites ## Footnote Each component plays a crucial role in the functioning of neurons.
141
What does the **cell body (soma)** of a neuron contain?
* Nucleus * Other organelles ## Footnote The cell body is essential for maintaining the neuron's health and functionality.
142
What is the function of the **axon** in a neuron?
Conveys electrical impulse away from the cell body ## Footnote The axon is the long, output portion of the neuron.
143
What is the role of **dendrites** in a neuron?
Conveys electrical impulse towards the cell body ## Footnote Dendrites are short, highly branched fibers that receive signals.
144
True or false: Neurons can only send impulses to muscles.
FALSE ## Footnote Neurons can send impulses to muscles, glands, or other neurons.
145
What does **'glia'** mean in the context of neuroglia?
'glia' means glue ## Footnote Neuroglia are the supporting cells of nervous tissue.
146
What are **neuroglia** primarily known for?
Supporting cells of nervous tissue ## Footnote They have many different types and functions.
147
One function of neuroglia is to speed impulse conduction along axons via the production of a _______.
myelin covering ## Footnote This myelin covering enhances the speed of electrical impulses in the nervous system.
148
True or false: Neuroglia have only one type and function.
FALSE ## Footnote There are many different types of neuroglia, each with distinct functions.
149
What does the **integumentary system** consist of?
* Skin * Hair * Glands * Sensory structures * Nails ## Footnote The integumentary system includes various components that protect and support the body.
150
The **skin** is the largest organ in the body by __________ and __________.
surface area and weight ## Footnote The skin plays a crucial role in overall body function and health.
151
List some **functions of the skin**.
* Protection * Sensation * Regulating body temperature ## Footnote These functions are vital for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.
152
The skin consists of two main layers: the **epidermis** and the **dermis**. Which is the outer layer?
Epidermis ## Footnote The epidermis is the outermost layer, while the dermis is located beneath it.
153
What is located **below the skin**?
Subcutaneous layer ## Footnote The subcutaneous layer provides insulation and cushioning for the body.
154
What does the **integumentary system** consist of?
* Skin * Hair * Glands * Sensory structures * Nails ## Footnote The integumentary system includes various components that protect and support the body.
155
The **skin** is the largest organ in the body by __________ and __________.
surface area and weight ## Footnote The skin plays a crucial role in overall body function and health.
156
List some **functions of the skin**.
* Protection * Sensation * Regulating body temperature ## Footnote These functions are vital for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.
157
The skin consists of two main layers: the **epidermis** and the **dermis**. Which is the outer layer?
Epidermis ## Footnote The epidermis is the outermost layer, while the dermis is located beneath it.
158
What is located **below the skin**?
Subcutaneous layer ## Footnote The subcutaneous layer provides insulation and cushioning for the body.
159
What is the **epidermis** composed of?
Keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial tissue ## Footnote The epidermis serves as the outermost layer of skin.
160
Name the **two main cell types** found in the epidermis.
* Keratinocytes * Melanocytes ## Footnote Keratinocytes produce layers of epithelial cells, while melanocytes produce melanin.
161
What is the function of **keratinocytes** in the epidermis?
To divide and produce layers of epithelial cells, with the outermost being dead ## Footnote This process helps in forming the protective barrier of the skin.
162
What role do **melanocytes** play in the epidermis?
Produce the pigment melanin to protect keratinocytes' DNA from UV light ## Footnote Tanning signifies damage to the skin from UV exposure.
163
What is one of the main protective functions of the **epidermis**?
Acts as a mechanical barrier to prevent abrasion, invasion by microorganisms, and prevent water loss ## Footnote This barrier is crucial for maintaining skin integrity and hydration.
164
What is the **outermost layer** of the skin called?
Epidermis ## Footnote The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin, providing a barrier to the environment.
165
Name the **2 principal cell types** found in the epidermis.
* Keratinocyte * Melanocyte ## Footnote These cells play various roles in skin function and health.
166
True or false: The **dermis** is located above the epidermis.
FALSE ## Footnote The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and provides structural support.
167
What is the role of **sensory neurons** in the skin?
To transmit sensory information to the brain ## Footnote Sensory neurons are involved in detecting touch, pain, and temperature.
168
What is the **dermis**?
The thicker region of the skin composed of connective tissue ## Footnote The dermis is crucial for skin structure and function.
169
Name the two regions of the **dermis**.
* Papillary region: superficial, thinner * Reticular region: deep, thicker, tougher ## Footnote These regions have distinct characteristics and functions.
170
The **papillary region** of the dermis is described as __________.
superficial, thinner ## Footnote This region contains capillaries and sensory receptors.
171
The **reticular region** of the dermis is characterized as __________.
deep, thicker, tougher ## Footnote This region provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
172
What structures are located in the **dermis**?
* Sensory receptors * Glands * Hair follicles * Blood vessels ## Footnote These components are essential for skin health and function.
173
True or false: The **dermis** nourishes the epidermis.
TRUE ## Footnote Blood vessels in the dermis supply nutrients to the epidermis.
174
What is the **subcutaneous layer** also known as?
hypodermis or superficial fascia ## Footnote The subcutaneous layer is located below the skin.
175
Where is the **subcutaneous layer** located in relation to the dermis?
Deep to the dermis ## Footnote It is not considered part of the skin.
176
What types of cells are primarily found in the **subcutaneous layer**?
* Adipocytes (fat/energy storage) * Blood vessels * Pressure receptors ## Footnote These components are essential for supplying the skin and sensing pressure.
177
True or false: The **subcutaneous layer** is considered part of the skin.
FALSE ## Footnote The subcutaneous layer is deep to the dermis but is not classified as part of the skin.
HS: bio prep
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