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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two control systems in the human body?

A
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system

The nervous system and endocrine system work together to regulate bodily functions.

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2
Q

The nervous system is divided into how many main regions?

A

2

The two main regions are the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.

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3
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord

The Central Nervous System is responsible for processing information and coordinating activity.

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4
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?
S.S.C.G

A
  • Sensory structures
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglia

The Peripheral Nervous System connects the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body.

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5
Q

What are the components of the CNS (Central Nervous System)?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord

The CNS is responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.

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6
Q

What are the components of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)?
S.S.C.G.E

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Enteric plexuses in small intestine
  • Sensory receptors in skin

The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.

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7
Q

True or false: The CNS includes cranial and spinal nerves.

A

FALSE

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The PNS includes _______ that are responsible for sensory input from the skin.

A

Sensory receptors

These receptors detect stimuli and send information to the CNS.

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9
Q

What is the role of the Enteric plexuses?

A

They are involved in the regulation of the gastrointestinal system

Enteric plexuses are networks of neurons in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.

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10
Q

What does SNS stand for in the nervous system divisions?

A

Somatic Nervous System

It includes somatic and special sensory receptors and neurons, as well as somatic motor neurons controlling voluntary skeletal muscle.

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11
Q

What are the two types of neurons in the ANS?

A
  • Autonomic sensory receptors and neurons
  • Autonomic motor neurons

The ANS is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, controlling involuntary functions.

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12
Q

The CNS is composed of which two main structures?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord

The CNS integrates sensory information and coordinates responses.

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13
Q

What type of muscle is controlled by the ANS?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands

These are involuntary muscles and glands regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

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14
Q

What does ENS stand for in the nervous system?

A

Enteric Nervous System

It includes sensory receptors and neurons in the gastrointestinal tract and enteric plexuses.

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15
Q

What is the role of enteric motor neurons?

A

Control involuntary functions in enteric plexuses

They regulate smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

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16
Q

What type of receptors and neurons are found in the sensory part of PNS?

A

Sensory receptors and neurons

This part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the CNS.

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17
Q

What is the function of somatic motor neurons?

A

Control voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

These neurons are part of the somatic nervous system.

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18
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of what two main components?

A
  • Neuroglia
  • Neurons

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, provide support to neurons.

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19
Q

What are the roles of neuroglia in nervous tissue?

A
  • Mechanical support
  • Nutrient supply to neurons
  • Immunity

Neuroglia play multiple supportive roles in the nervous system.

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20
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Specialized neuroglial cells that lay down a myelin sheath around axons

The myelin sheath acts as electrical insulation to speed up nerve impulse transmission.

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21
Q

The myelin sheath laid down by Schwann cells serves what purpose?

A

Acts as electrical insulation to speed up nerve impulse transmission

This insulation is crucial for efficient communication between neurons.

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22
Q

What are neurons or nerve cells?

A

The main functional unit of the nervous system

Neurons turn a stimulus into an electrical signal known as an action potential.

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23
Q

What do neurons do with a stimulus?

A

Turn it into an electrical signal (action potential)

Stimuli can be chemical, mechanical, or light.

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24
Q

Neurons can communicate between other nerve cells or send impulses to ________.

A

muscles or glands

This communication is essential for bodily functions.

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25
A neuron is composed of the **cell body**, **dendrites**, and **axon**. What is the function of dendrites?
Receives input ## Footnote Dendrites are crucial for gathering signals from other neurons.
26
What is the function of the **axon** in a neuron?
Sends output ## Footnote The axon transmits electrical signals away from the cell body.
27
What are the **three types of neurons** based on the information they carry?
* Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons) * Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons) * Association Neurons (Interneurons) ## Footnote These classifications are based on the direction of information flow in the nervous system.
28
What do **Sensory Neurons** (Afferent Neurons) do?
Carry nerve impulses from sensory structures to the central nervous system ## Footnote They transmit information from senses like sight, hearing, and touch.
29
What is the function of **Motor Neurons** (Efferent Neurons)?
Carry nerve stimuli from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system ## Footnote They synapse with muscle cells to produce contractions or with glands to cause secretions.
30
What are **Association Neurons** (Interneurons) responsible for?
Receive information from sensory or other association neurons, process it, and pass it on ## Footnote They connect sensory and motor neurons and play a critical role in reflexes and complex processing.
31
What are the **three types of neurons** mentioned?
* Multipolar neuron * Bipolar neuron * Unipolar neuron ## Footnote These types are classified based on their structure and the number of processes extending from the cell body.
32
What are the main components of a **neuron**?
* Cell body * Dendrites * Trigger zone * Axon * Myelin sheath * Axon terminal ## Footnote These components work together to transmit signals throughout the nervous system.
33
In a **multipolar neuron**, how many processes extend from the cell body?
Multiple ## Footnote Multipolar neurons are characterized by having one axon and multiple dendrites.
34
In a **bipolar neuron**, how many processes extend from the cell body?
Two ## Footnote Bipolar neurons typically have one axon and one dendrite.
35
In a **unipolar neuron**, how many processes extend from the cell body?
One ## Footnote Unipolar neurons have a single process that splits into two branches.
36
What is the pathway for sensory information **towards the CNS**?
* sensory receptor * spinal cord * thalamus * cerebrum ## Footnote This pathway describes how sensory information is processed before reaching the cerebrum.
37
What is the pathway for motor information **away from the CNS**?
* cerebrum * upper motor neuron * spinal cord * lower motor neuron * skeletal muscle ## Footnote This pathway outlines how motor commands are transmitted from the brain to the muscles.
38
What are the **two sides** of the brain mentioned?
* Right side of brain * Left side of brain ## Footnote These sides are associated with different functions and processes in the nervous system.
39
What part of the brain is referred to as the **cerebral cortex**?
The outer layer of the brain responsible for higher-level functions ## Footnote It plays a key role in processing sensory information and executing voluntary movements.
40
What is the function of the **thalamus** in the nervous system?
Acts as a relay station for sensory information ## Footnote It processes and transmits information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.
41
List the types of **neurons** mentioned in the overview.
* Interneuron * Sensory neuron * Upper motor neuron * Lower motor neuron ## Footnote Each type of neuron has a specific role in transmitting signals within the nervous system.
42
What is the pathway from **graded potential** to **muscle action potential**?
* Graded potential * Nerve action potential * Muscle action potential ## Footnote This pathway illustrates the process of signal transmission leading to muscle contraction.
43
What is the role of **sensory receptors** in the nervous system?
Detects stimuli from the environment ## Footnote They convert physical stimuli into electrical signals for processing by the nervous system.
44
What is the **neuromuscular junction**?
The synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber ## Footnote It is crucial for transmitting signals that lead to muscle contraction.
45
What type of muscles are involved in the **neuromuscular junction**?
Skeletal muscles ## Footnote These muscles are responsible for voluntary movements in the body.
46
Where is **gray matter** located in the brain and spinal cord?
On the surface of the brain and in the internal, butterfly shape of the spinal cord ## Footnote Gray matter consists mainly of cell bodies of neurons.
47
What does **white matter** consist of?
Myelinated axons ## Footnote White matter is centralized in the brain to form tracts and is peripheral with the spinal cord.
48
True or false: The location of **gray matter** and **white matter** is the same in the brain and spinal cord.
FALSE ## Footnote Gray matter and white matter are located oppositely in the brain and spinal cord.
49
In the brain, **white matter** is ________ to form tracts.
centralized ## Footnote This contrasts with gray matter, which is found on the surface.
50
In the spinal cord, **gray matter** is located in a ________ shape.
butterfly ## Footnote This shape is internal to the spinal cord.
51
Where is **white matter** found in the spinal cord?
Peripheral ## Footnote White matter surrounds the gray matter in the spinal cord.
52
What are the **meninges**?
Connective tissue layers covering the brain and spinal cord ## Footnote They protect the brain, anchor it within the skull, and are the locations for blood vessels.
53
What is the function of the **meninges**?
* Protect the brain * Anchor the brain within the skull * Serve as locations for blood vessels ## Footnote These functions are crucial for maintaining brain health and stability.
54
True or false: **Head injuries** can cause bleeding within the meninges.
TRUE ## Footnote Bleeding can lead to pressure on the brain, which may result in serious consequences, including death.
55
What can happen if blood pools within the **meninges** after a head injury?
It puts pressure on the brain and can lead to death ## Footnote This highlights the importance of immediate medical attention following head injuries.
56
What is the **sagittal sinus**?
A major venous sinus located in the brain ## Footnote It is part of the venous drainage system of the brain.
57
The **frontal plane** divides the body into which two sections?
* Anterior (front) * Posterior (back) ## Footnote This plane is also known as the coronal plane.
58
What is the **skin** classified as in the context of anatomy?
The largest organ of the body ## Footnote It serves as a protective barrier and plays a role in thermoregulation.
59
Which bone is referred to as the **parietal bone**?
A bone of the cranium ## Footnote It forms the sides and roof of the skull.
60
Name the **three layers** of the cranial meninges.
* Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater ## Footnote These layers protect the brain and spinal cord.
61
What is the **subarachnoid space**?
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater ## Footnote It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain.
62
What is the function of **arachnoid villus**?
To absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the venous system ## Footnote This process helps maintain the balance of CSF in the brain.
63
What does the **falx cerebri** do?
It separates the two cerebral hemispheres ## Footnote This structure is a sickle-shaped fold of dura mater.
64
What is the **cerebral cortex**?
The outer layer of the brain involved in complex functions ## Footnote It plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
65
What is depicted in the **anterior view of a frontal section** through the skull?
The cranial meninges and brain structures ## Footnote This view helps in understanding the anatomical relationships within the skull.
66
What are the **major regions of the brain**?
* Cerebrum * Pituitary gland * Hypothalamus * Cerebellum * Brainstem ## Footnote The brainstem includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
67
Name the components of the **Cerebrum**.
* Cerebral cortex * Basal ganglia * Limbic system ## Footnote These components are involved in various functions such as movement, emotion, and cognition.
68
The **brainstem** consists of which parts?
* Medulla * Pons * Midbrain ## Footnote The brainstem is crucial for regulating vital functions such as heart rate and breathing.
69
What are the parts of the **Brain Stem**?
* Midbrain * Pons * Medulla oblongata ## Footnote The Brain Stem controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.
70
True or false: The **Cerebellum** is responsible for coordination and balance.
TRUE ## Footnote The Cerebellum plays a key role in motor control.
71
What structure connects the brain to the **spinal cord**?
Brain Stem ## Footnote The Brain Stem serves as a critical pathway for signals between the brain and spinal cord.
72
Fill in the blank: The **pituitary gland** is located in the __________ region of the brain.
Diencephalon ## Footnote The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' due to its role in hormone regulation.
73
What is the **largest part** of the brain?
Cerebrum ## Footnote The cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action.
74
What separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure ## Footnote This fissure runs along the midline of the brain.
75
What is the **function** of the **precentral gyrus**?
Primary motor cortex ## Footnote It is involved in planning and executing voluntary movements.
76
What is the **central sulcus** also known as?
Rolandic fissure ## Footnote It separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
77
What is the **postcentral gyrus** responsible for?
Primary somatosensory cortex ## Footnote It processes sensory information from the body.
78
Define **gyrus**.
A ridge on the surface of the brain ## Footnote Gyri are separated by sulci.
79
Define **sulcus**.
A groove on the surface of the brain ## Footnote Sulci separate gyri.
80
What does **cerebral cortex** refer to?
The outer layer of the cerebrum ## Footnote It is involved in many higher-order brain functions.
81
What is **cerebral white matter** composed of?
Myelinated axons ## Footnote It facilitates communication between different brain regions.
82
What is a **fissure** in the context of the brain?
A deep groove that separates brain structures ## Footnote Fissures are larger than sulci.
83
What does the **left hemisphere** of the brain typically control?
Language and analytical tasks ## Footnote It is often associated with logical reasoning.
84
What is the **anterior** part of the brain associated with?
Frontal lobe ## Footnote It is involved in decision making and problem-solving.
85
What is the **posterior** part of the brain associated with?
Occipital lobe ## Footnote It is primarily responsible for visual processing.
86
What are the **three main lobes** of the brain mentioned?
* Frontal lobe * Parietal lobe * Occipital lobe ## Footnote Each lobe has distinct functions related to different aspects of processing.
87
What are the **meninges**?
Connective tissue layers covering the brain and spinal cord ## Footnote They protect the brain, anchor it within the skull, and are the locations for blood vessels.
88
What is the function of the **meninges**?
* Protect the brain * Anchor the brain within the skull * Location for blood vessels ## Footnote These layers are crucial for maintaining the brain's position and providing necessary support.
89
True or false: **Head injuries** can cause bleeding within the meninges.
TRUE ## Footnote Bleeding can lead to pressure on the brain, which may result in death.
90
What happens when blood pools within the **meninges**?
It puts pressure on the brain ## Footnote This pressure can lead to severe complications, including death.
91
What are the **meninges**?
Connective tissue layers covering the brain and spinal cord ## Footnote They protect the brain, anchor it within the skull, and are the locations for blood vessels.
92
What is the function of the **meninges**?
* Protect the brain * Anchor the brain within the skull * Location for blood vessels ## Footnote These layers are crucial for maintaining the brain's position and providing necessary support.
93
True or false: **Head injuries** can cause bleeding within the meninges.
TRUE ## Footnote Bleeding can lead to pressure on the brain, which may result in death.
94
What happens when blood pools within the **meninges**?
It puts pressure on the brain ## Footnote This pressure can lead to severe complications, including death.
95
What are the **major regions of the brain**?
* Cerebrum * Pituitary gland * Hypothalamus * Cerebellum * Brainstem ## Footnote The major regions of the brain include various structures that perform distinct functions.
96
The **Cerebrum** consists of which three components?
* Cerebral cortex * Basal ganglia * Limbic system ## Footnote These components of the cerebrum are involved in higher brain functions such as thought and action.
97
Name the three parts of the **Brainstem**.
* Medulla * Pons * Midbrain ## Footnote The brainstem is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.
98
What is the **largest portion** of the brain?
Cerebrum ## Footnote The cerebrum is responsible for various higher brain functions.
99
Name a region within the **cerebrum**.
* Cerebral cortex ## Footnote The cerebral cortex is the outer gray matter of the cerebrum.
100
What type of matter is the **cerebral cortex** composed of?
Gray matter ## Footnote It contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.
101
The **cerebral cortex** is well developed in which species?
Humans ## Footnote In humans, it expands and envelops the midbrain.
102
The **cerebral cortex** is highly folded to accommodate what?
An increased number of interneurons ## Footnote This folding allows for greater processing capabilities.
103
The **cerebrum** is divided into how many hemispheres?
Two ## Footnote The left and right hemispheres are each specialized.
104
The left and right hemispheres of the **cerebrum** are divided into what?
Specialized lobes ## Footnote Each lobe has distinct functions and responsibilities.
105
What is the **largest portion** of the brain?
Cerebrum ## Footnote The cerebrum is responsible for various higher brain functions.
106
Name a region within the **cerebrum**.
* Cerebral cortex ## Footnote The cerebral cortex is the outer gray matter of the cerebrum.
107
What type of matter is the **cerebral cortex** composed of?
Gray matter ## Footnote It contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.
108
The **cerebral cortex** is well developed in which species?
Humans ## Footnote In humans, it expands and envelops the midbrain.
109
The **cerebral cortex** is highly folded to accommodate what?
An increased number of interneurons ## Footnote This folding allows for greater processing capabilities.
110
The **cerebrum** is divided into how many hemispheres?
Two ## Footnote The left and right hemispheres are each specialized.
111
The left and right hemispheres of the **cerebrum** are divided into what?
Specialized lobes ## Footnote Each lobe has distinct functions and responsibilities.
112
What are the **lobes** of the **cerebrum**?
* Frontal * Parietal * Temporal * Occipital * Insula ## Footnote The insula is located deep to other lobes laterally.
113
What are the **functional areas** of the **cerebral cortex**?
* Sensory areas * Motor areas * Association areas ## Footnote Each area has specific roles: sensory areas interpret sensory input, motor areas determine motor output, and association areas are involved in emotions, intelligence, and language.
114
What is the role of the **basal ganglia** in the brain?
Involved in control of large, automatic muscle movements and muscle tone ## Footnote The basal ganglia play a crucial role in coordinating voluntary movements.
115
What is the **limbic system** often referred to as?
**Emotional brain** ## Footnote The limbic system is associated with emotions such as pain, pleasure, anger, and fear.
116
What is the **pituitary gland** responsible for?
Releases hormones such as human growth hormone ## Footnote The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions through hormone release.
117
The **pituitary gland** is subdivided into which two parts?
* Anterior pituitary * Posterior pituitary ## Footnote Each part releases different hormones that have distinct functions in the body.
118
Fill in the blank: The **anterior pituitary** and **posterior pituitary** are the two subdivisions of the _______.
pituitary gland ## Footnote These subdivisions are responsible for the release of different hormones.
119
What is the role of the **hypothalamus** in the body?
Communication center between the endocrine system and nervous system ## Footnote It regulates various physiological processes.
120
The **hypothalamus** regulates the release of hormones from which gland?
Pituitary gland ## Footnote This regulation is crucial for maintaining hormonal balance.
121
Name three functions regulated by the **hypothalamus**.
* Hunger * Thirst * Sexual response ## Footnote The hypothalamus also regulates pleasure and the body's thermostat.
122
The **hypothalamus** is involved in regulating the body's response to stress through which nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system ## Footnote It contrasts with the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates relaxation.
123
Fill in the blank: The **hypothalamus** contains the body's _______.
thermostat ## Footnote This function helps maintain homeostasis in body temperature.
124
What is the role of the **cerebellum** in the brain?
**Unconscious regulation of balance** and some locomotory movements such as hand-eye coordination ## Footnote The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control and coordination.
125
What are the **three components** of the **brainstem**?
* Medulla oblongata * Pons * Midbrain ## Footnote The brainstem connects to the spinal cord and other parts of the brain.
126
The **medulla oblongata** is responsible for controlling which **subconscious activities**?
* Respiration * Heart rate ## Footnote Damage to this area during a stroke can lead to death.
127
True or false: The **brainstem** connects to the spinal cord and also to the **cerebellum**, **hypothalamus**, and **cerebrum**.
TRUE ## Footnote This connection is crucial for various brain functions.
128
Fill in the blank: The **medulla oblongata** is a thickened stalk at the base of the brain, controlling subconscious activities such as _______.
respiration ## Footnote It also regulates heart rate.
129
What happens if the **medulla oblongata** is damaged during a stroke?
Leads to death ## Footnote This highlights the critical function of the medulla in sustaining life.
130
What are the two main components of **spinal cord structure**?
* Inner gray matter * Outer white matter ## Footnote The spinal cord is similar to the brain in its protective layers.
131
The **gray matter** of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of which types of neurons?
* Motor neurons * Sensory neurons ## Footnote These neurons are associated with spinal nerves.
132
What does the **white matter** of the spinal cord consist of?
* Groups of myelinated axons ## Footnote White matter is responsible for transmitting signals within the spinal cord.
133
True or false: **Sensory or afferent axons** carry signals toward the brain.
TRUE ## Footnote Afferent axons are responsible for transmitting sensory information.
134
True or false: **Motor or efferent axons** carry signals away from the brain.
TRUE ## Footnote Efferent axons are responsible for transmitting motor commands.
135
What structures protect the spinal cord?
* Meninges * Bone (vertebral column) ## Footnote These protective layers are similar to those of the brain.
136
What are the **functions of the spinal cord**?
* Relay information to and from the brain * Integrate simple responses to certain stimuli * Control aspects of the body through reflexes ## Footnote The spinal cord plays a crucial role in communication between the brain and the body.
137
Define **reflexes**.
Fast, automatic, preprogrammed responses to internal or external stimuli ## Footnote Reflexes occur without conscious thought and are essential for quick reactions.
138
List the components involved in a **reflex arc**.
* Receptor * Sensory or afferent neuron * Integration center (gray matter of spinal cord segment) * Motor or efferent neuron * Effector (muscle or gland) ## Footnote Each component plays a specific role in the reflex action process.
139
True or false: **Reflexes** are conscious actions that require thought.
FALSE ## Footnote Reflexes are automatic and do not require conscious thought.
140
Give an example of a **skeletal muscle action** that is a reflex.
Withdrawing your hand due to painful stimuli ## Footnote This is a common reflex action that protects the body from harm.
141
What role does the **integration center** play in a reflex arc?
Processes the information and coordinates the response ## Footnote The integration center is typically located in the gray matter of the spinal cord.
142
Fill in the blank: The **effector** in a reflex arc is typically a _______.
muscle or gland ## Footnote Effectors carry out the response initiated by the reflex arc.
143
The **Peripheral Nervous System** consists of how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31 pairs ## Footnote These spinal nerves travel the spinal cord and exit at each intervertebral space.
144
How many pairs of **cranial nerves** are there in the Peripheral Nervous System?
12 pairs ## Footnote Cranial nerves exit the brain directly and do not travel in the vertebral column.
145
What are **nerves** composed of?
* Bundles of axons * Connective tissue coverings ## Footnote Nerves usually contain axons of both sensory neurons and motor neurons.
146
True or false: Nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System conduct only sensory information.
FALSE ## Footnote Nerves conduct both sensory and motor information between the brain or spinal cord and parts of the body.
147
What happens to **spinal nerves** when they leave the spinal cord?
They branch, forming **plexuses** ## Footnote This branching allows for complex connections and functions within the body.
148
What are **plexuses**?
Networks of nerve branches (rami) that form the final nerves supplying skeletal muscles and glands ## Footnote Plexuses play a crucial role in the nervous system by connecting various nerve pathways.
149
Name the **four principal plexuses**.
* Cervical plexus (neck) * Brachial plexus (arms) * Lumbar plexus (legs) * Sacral plexus (legs) ## Footnote Each plexus corresponds to a specific region of the body and is responsible for innervating muscles and glands in that area.
150
What are the two main divisions of the **Peripheral Nervous System**?
* Sensory System * Motor System ## Footnote The Peripheral Nervous System connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
151
What does the **Sensory System** consist of?
Sensory neurons from receptors to the central nervous system ## Footnote This system is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the CNS.
152
What does the **Motor System** consist of?
Motor neurons from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) ## Footnote This system is responsible for transmitting signals that result in movement or glandular activity.
153
The **Motor System** can be further subdivided into which two systems?
* Somatic Nervous System * Autonomic Nervous System ## Footnote The Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary movements, while the Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary functions.
154
What is the role of the **Somatic Nervous System**?
Motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles for locomotion, feeding, speech, etc. ## Footnote This system is voluntary, meaning we are aware of its actions.
155
True or false: The **Somatic Nervous System** is involuntary.
FALSE ## Footnote The Somatic Nervous System is voluntary and involves conscious control over skeletal muscles.
156
What does the **Autonomic Nervous System** control?
* Heart rate * Digestion * Excretion * Glandular organs * Smooth muscle of blood vessels ## Footnote The Autonomic Nervous System operates without human awareness and is involuntary.
157
True or false: The **Autonomic Nervous System** is composed of motor neurons that act with human awareness.
FALSE ## Footnote The Autonomic Nervous System functions involuntarily.
158
Name the **two divisions** of the Autonomic Nervous System.
_______ ## Footnote The divisions are not specified in the provided text.
159
What are the two divisions of the **Autonomic Nervous System**?
* Sympathetic Nervous System * Parasympathetic Nervous System ## Footnote These divisions play crucial roles in regulating involuntary bodily functions.
160
The **Sympathetic Nervous System** is involved in which response?
Expenditure of energy and fight-or-flight response ## Footnote It increases metabolic rates and heart rate while decreasing stomach and intestine activity.
161
What does the acronym **SLUDD** stand for in relation to the **Parasympathetic Nervous System**?
* Salivation * Lacrimation * Urination * Digestion * Defecation ## Footnote These functions are associated with energy conservation.
162
True or false: The **Parasympathetic Nervous System** increases metabolic rate and heart rate.
FALSE ## Footnote It actually decreases metabolic rate and heart rate while increasing stomach and intestine activity.
HS: bio prep
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