1
Q
What does homeostasis refer to?
A
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment independent of changes in the external environment
This includes various physiological parameters such as pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels.
2
Q
List the parameters included in homeostasis.
A
- Blood plasma levels of pH
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
- Osmoregulation (water and ion concentrations)
- Glucose level consistency
- Blood pressure
- Hormone levels
- Body temperature (thermoregulation)
- Excretion of metabolic wastes
These parameters are crucial for maintaining the body’s internal balance.
3
Q
What is osmoregulation?
A
Water and ion concentrations (like sodium, calcium, and potassium ions)
It is a key aspect of homeostasis managed by the urinary system.
4
Q
True or false: Metabolic wastes can build up to toxic levels in a healthy homeostatic environment.
A
FALSE
Metabolic wastes must be excreted to prevent toxicity.
5
Q
Which system is involved in osmoregulation and excretion of metabolic wastes?
A
The urinary system (kidney)
The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis.
6
Q
What is osmoregulation?
A
The maintenance of internal body fluids in terms of water and dissolved solutes such as salt relative to the surrounding environment
This process is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in organisms.
7
Q
What percentage of an adult’s body is composed of water?
A
55-60%
This percentage varies based on factors such as age and body composition.
8
Q
Name the two sources of water in the body.
A
- Preformed water from ingested foods and liquids
- Metabolic water created by dehydration synthesis reactions
These sources contribute to the body’s hydration levels.
9
Q
List the ways water is lost from the body in descending order.
A
- Kidneys
- Skin (perspiration and evaporation)
- Lungs
- Gastrointestinal tract
Understanding these pathways is important for managing hydration.
10
Q
True or false: Usually, water gain equals water loss to maintain constant fluid levels.
A
TRUE
This balance is essential for proper physiological function.
11
Q
What are the two main fluid compartments in our bodies?
A
- Intracellular fluid (cytosol)
- Extracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid is found within cells, while extracellular fluid is found outside cells.
12
Q
What is intracellular fluid?
A
Fluid found within cells
Also referred to as cytosol.
13
Q
What is extracellular fluid?
A
Fluid found outside cells
It is further subdivided into several types.
14
Q
Name the subdivisions of extracellular fluid.
A
- Interstitial fluid
- Blood plasma
- Lymph
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Synovial fluid
- Humors of eyes
- Serous fluids of body cavities
- Fluid in inner ear
These fluids serve various functions in the body.
15
Q
What is the main component of all fluids in the body?
A
Water
All fluids consist mainly of water but differ in the composition of dissolved solutes.
16
Q
Name the dissolved solutes found in body fluids.
A
- Ions (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, phosphate)
- Proteins and amino acids
- Sugars (such as glucose)
- Hormones and other specialized molecules
Ions are the most prevalent dissolved solutes.
17
Q
What does fluid balance refer to?
A
Correct amount of water in the correct places
It implies a balance of solutes, including electrolytes (ions).
18
Q
Which organ controls the water and ion balance in our bodies?
A
Kidneys
The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance.
19
Q
Where are metabolic wastes primarily formed?
A
In the liver
The liver converts amino acids into molecules for cellular respiration, leading to the formation of metabolic wastes.
20
Q
What organ is responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the blood?
A
Kidney
The kidney filters the blood to excrete metabolic wastes.
21
Q
What type of wastes are produced as a byproduct of amino acid conversion?
A
Nitrogenous wastes
These include ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
22
Q
Which nitrogenous waste is considered very toxic?
A
Ammonia
Ammonia is highly toxic, prompting the liver to convert it into less toxic forms.
23
Q
What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes?
A
- Ammonia
- Urea
- Uric acid
These wastes vary in toxicity and energy cost for production.
24
Q
Which nitrogenous waste is the least toxic?
A
Uric acid
Uric acid is energetically costly to produce, requiring a lot of ATP.
25
Fill in the blank: Ammonia is converted to _______ or urea by the liver.
Uric acid
## Footnote
This conversion reduces the toxicity of ammonia.
26
Which nitrogenous waste is the **most energetically costly** to produce?
Uric acid
## Footnote
Producing uric acid uses a significant amount of ATP.
27
What are the components of the **urinary system**?
* Paired kidneys
* Paired ureters
* Urinary bladder
* Single urethra
## Footnote
The urinary system is responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine.
28
The **paired ureters** serve what function in the urinary system?
Drain the kidney
## Footnote
Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
29
What is the role of the **urinary bladder**?
Stores urine
## Footnote
The bladder collects urine until it is excreted from the body.
30
What is the function of the **single urethra** in the urinary system?
Drains the bladder
## Footnote
The urethra is the tube through which urine is expelled from the body.
31
What is the **right kidney** associated with in the urinary system?
* Right renal artery
* Right ureter
* Urinary bladder
* Urethra
## Footnote
The right kidney plays a crucial role in filtering blood and producing urine.
32
Which structure is located **anterior** to the right kidney?
Urinary bladder
## Footnote
The urinary bladder stores urine before it is expelled from the body.
33
What are the components of the **left side** of the urinary system?
* Left kidney
* Left renal vein
* Left ureter
## Footnote
The left side mirrors the right side in function and structure.
34
True or false: The **diaphragm** is located above the kidneys.
TRUE
## Footnote
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
35
Fill in the blank: The **inferior vena cava** is associated with the __________ kidney.
right
## Footnote
The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.
36
What is the function of the **urethra** in the urinary system?
To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
## Footnote
The urethra is the final part of the urinary tract.
37
Approximately **how many liters** of blood pass through the kidneys per day?
2000 liters
## Footnote
This process helps monitor and regulate water, ion, sugar, and other molecules while removing harmful substances.
38
The paired kidneys resemble **what shape**?
Kidney beans
## Footnote
This shape is characteristic of the human kidneys.
39
What is the **outer region** of the kidney called?
Cortex
## Footnote
The cortex is the outer layer of the kidney.
40
What is the **inner region** of the kidney called?
Medulla
## Footnote
The medulla is the inner layer of the kidney.
41
The kidneys are composed of tubules called **what**?
Nephrons
## Footnote
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney.
42
How many **nephrons** are there approximately per kidney?
Over 1 million
## Footnote
Nephrons are surrounded by interstitial fluid and blood capillaries.
43
What are the three main processes performed by nephrons?
* Filtration
* Reabsorption
* Secretion
## Footnote
These processes allow for urine formation and the reabsorption of important solutes back into the blood.
44
What is the **functional unit** of the kidney?
Nephron
## Footnote
The nephron is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
45
What is the **hilum** in relation to the kidney?
The entry and exit point for blood vessels and ureters
## Footnote
It is located on the medial side of the kidney.
46
List the **path of urine drainage** in the kidney.
* Collecting duct
* Minor calyx
* Major calyx
* Renal pelvis
* Ureter
## Footnote
This sequence outlines how urine flows from the nephron to the bladder.
47
What are the **two main regions** of the kidney?
* Renal cortex
* Renal medulla
## Footnote
The renal cortex is the outer region, while the renal medulla contains the renal pyramids.
48
What structures are found in the **renal medulla**?
* Renal pyramids
* Renal columns
* Renal papilla
## Footnote
These structures are involved in urine concentration and drainage.
49
What is the function of the **renal artery**?
Supplies blood to the kidney
## Footnote
It branches off from the abdominal aorta.
50
What is the function of the **renal vein**?
Drains blood from the kidney
## Footnote
It returns filtered blood to the inferior vena cava.
51
What is the **renal capsule**?
A protective layer surrounding the kidney
## Footnote
It helps maintain the shape of the kidney.
52
What is a **renal lobe**?
A division of the kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and its surrounding cortex
## Footnote
Each kidney typically has about 8 to 18 renal lobes.
53
What is the **urinary bladder**?
A muscular sac that stores urine
## Footnote
It is located behind the pubic bone.
54
What are the **regions** of a nephron in order?
* Bowman's capsule
* Proximal convoluted tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal convoluted tubule
* Collecting duct
## Footnote
Nephrons are coiled tubes that pack tightly together.
55
The **collecting ducts** of nephrons converge at the _______.
renal pelvis
## Footnote
The renal pelvis empties into a single ureter which exits the kidney.
56
How many **ureters** empty into the urinary bladder?
Two
## Footnote
Each kidney has one ureter that leads to the bladder.
57
The **bladder** is drained by the _______.
urethra
## Footnote
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
58
What are the **regions** of a nephron in order?
* Bowman's capsule
* Proximal convoluted tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal convoluted tubule
* Collecting duct
## Footnote
Nephrons are coiled tubes that pack tightly together.
59
The **collecting ducts** of nephrons converge at the _______.
renal pelvis
## Footnote
The renal pelvis empties into a single ureter which exits the kidney.
60
How many **ureters** empty into the urinary bladder?
Two
## Footnote
Each kidney has one ureter that leads to the bladder.
61
The **bladder** is drained by the _______.
urethra
## Footnote
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
62
What is the **first part** of the nephron where filtration occurs?
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
## Footnote
This structure surrounds the glomerulus and is crucial for the filtration of blood.
63
What is the **function** of the **proximal convoluted tubule**?
Reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients
## Footnote
It is the first segment of the renal tubule and plays a key role in the reabsorption process.
64
What are the **two limbs** of the **loop of Henle**?
* Descending limb of the loop of Henle
* Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
## Footnote
These limbs are involved in the concentration of urine.
65
What is the **final structure** that urine passes through before entering the minor calyx?
Papillary duct
## Footnote
This duct collects urine from the collecting ducts and drains it into the minor calyx.
66
What is the **renal cortex** primarily responsible for?
Housing the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
## Footnote
It is the outer region of the kidney and plays a vital role in filtration and reabsorption.
67
What is the **renal medulla** composed of?
Renal pyramids and collecting ducts
## Footnote
This inner region of the kidney is involved in the concentration of urine.
68
What is the **function** of the **collecting duct**?
Concentrates urine and regulates water balance
## Footnote
It collects urine from multiple nephrons and plays a key role in the final concentration of urine.
69
What is the **flow of fluid** through a cortical nephron?
* Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
* Proximal convoluted tubule
* Descending limb of the loop of Henle
* Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
* Distal convoluted tubule
* Papillary duct
* Renal papilla
* Minor calyx
* Urine
## Footnote
This sequence outlines the pathway of fluid through a nephron.
70
What is the **function** of the **efferent arteriole**?
Carries blood away from the glomerulus
## Footnote
It plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow and pressure within the glomerulus.
71
What is the **renal capsule**?
A protective layer surrounding the kidney
## Footnote
It helps maintain the shape of the kidney and protects it from injury.
72
What is the **corticomedullary junction**?
The area where the renal cortex meets the renal medulla
## Footnote
This junction is significant for the organization of kidney structures.
73
What is the **interlobular artery**?
An artery that supplies blood to the renal cortex
## Footnote
It branches from the arcuate arteries and is essential for renal blood supply.
74
What is the **interlobular vein**?
A vein that drains blood from the renal cortex
## Footnote
It collects deoxygenated blood from the interlobular arteries.
75
What is the **function** of the **renal papilla**?
Drains urine from the collecting ducts into the minor calyx
## Footnote
It is the tip of the renal pyramid.
76
What are the **ureters**?
Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
## Footnote
Ureters are essential for transporting urine in the urinary system.
77
What are **ureteral openings**?
The entry points where ureters connect to the bladder
## Footnote
These openings are crucial for urine flow into the bladder.
78
The **frontal plane** divides the body into which two sections?
* Anterior (front)
* Posterior (back)
## Footnote
The frontal plane is also known as the coronal plane.
79
What are the **rugae of mucosa**?
Folds in the bladder lining that allow for expansion
## Footnote
Rugae enable the bladder to stretch as it fills with urine.
80
What is the **peritoneum**?
A membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs
## Footnote
The peritoneum plays a role in protecting and supporting abdominal organs.
81
What is the function of the **detrusor muscle**?
Muscle responsible for bladder contraction during urination
## Footnote
The detrusor muscle helps expel urine from the bladder.
82
What is the **internal urethral orifice**?
The opening of the bladder into the urethra
## Footnote
This orifice is where urine exits the bladder.
83
What is the **urethra**?
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
## Footnote
The urethra varies in length between males and females.
84
What is the **hip bone** also known as?
Pubis
## Footnote
The hip bone is part of the pelvic girdle.
85
What is the **trigone**?
A triangular area in the bladder formed by the ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice
## Footnote
The trigone is important for bladder function.
86
What is the **internal urethral sphincter**?
An involuntary muscle that controls urine flow from the bladder
## Footnote
This sphincter helps maintain continence.
87
What is the **external urethral sphincter**?
A voluntary muscle located in the deep muscles of the perineum
## Footnote
This sphincter allows for conscious control over urination.
88
What is the **external urethral orifice**?
The opening at the end of the urethra where urine exits the body
## Footnote
This orifice is the final part of the urinary system.
89
What does the **anterior view of frontal section** refer to?
A perspective showing the front view of a body sectioned in the frontal plane
## Footnote
This view is useful for anatomical studies.
90
What are the **three processes** occurring in the human kidney involved in osmoregulation and metabolic waste excretion?
* Filtration
* Reabsorption
* Secretion
## Footnote
These processes result in the formation of urine.
91
Blood arrives at the kidney through the **_______**.
renal artery
## Footnote
The renal artery branches until a single arteriole supplies the glomerulus.
92
What is the **glomerulus**?
A tuft of capillaries where blood is filtered
## Footnote
It is a key structure in the kidney involved in the filtration process.
93
What are the two main components of the **renal corpuscle** involved in filtration?
* Bowman's capsule
* Glomerulus
## Footnote
The renal corpuscle is essential for the initial filtration of blood in the kidneys.
94
What forces almost everything out of the **glomerulus** and into the lumen of the **Bowman's capsule**?
High blood pressure
## Footnote
This pressure is crucial for the filtration process in the kidneys.
95
What are the exceptions that are **not filtered** from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule?
* Formed elements
* Medium and large proteins
## Footnote
These components remain in the bloodstream during the filtration process.
96
How much **filtrate** is formed each day in the kidneys?
About 200 litres
## Footnote
However, only 1-2 liters of this filtrate result in urine, as most is reabsorbed.
97
What substances are included in the **filtrate** produced by the kidneys?
* Water
* Hydrogen ions (e.g., Na+)
* Cl
* Ammonia
* Urea
* Glucose
* Amino acids
* Vitamins
## Footnote
These components are essential for various bodily functions and are mostly reabsorbed before urine formation.
98
True or false: Most of the filtrate produced in the kidneys is reabsorbed before urine is formed.
TRUE
## Footnote
Only a small fraction of the filtrate ultimately becomes urine.
99
What is **secretion** in the context of nephron function?
Selective addition of solutes from the blood to the filtrate
## Footnote
Occurs farther along the nephron and eliminates waste products and excess ions in urine.
100
What is the primary role of **reabsorption** in the nephron?
Selective removal of necessary substances from the filtrate back into the blood
## Footnote
Includes reabsorption of sugars, vitamins, amino acids, water, sodium chloride, and bicarbonate ions.
101
Name some substances that are **reabsorbed** in the nephron.
* Sugars
* Vitamins
* Amino acids
* Water
* Sodium chloride
* Bicarbonate ions
## Footnote
These substances are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
102
How do **hormones** like ADH affect the nephron?
They alter urine volume and also blood volume and pressure
## Footnote
ADH acts on the nephron to regulate water reabsorption.
103
True or false: **Secretion** is important for regulating pH.
TRUE
## Footnote
Secretion helps eliminate excess ions and waste, contributing to pH balance.
104
What percentage of the events at the **Nephron** is represented by **44% B**?
44%
## Footnote
This percentage likely refers to a specific aspect or function related to the nephron.
105
What are the two main components of the nephron?
* Renal corpuscle
* Renal tubule and collecting duct
## Footnote
These components are essential for the nephron's function in the kidney.
106
What is the role of the **afferent arteriole** in the nephron?
Supplies blood to the glomerulus
## Footnote
The afferent arteriole is crucial for filtration in the nephron.
107
What is the **glomerular capsule** responsible for?
Filtration from blood plasma into nephron
## Footnote
This structure plays a key role in the initial stage of urine formation.
108
What does the fluid in the **renal tubule** become?
Urine
## Footnote
The renal tubule processes the filtrate to form urine, containing excreted substances.
109
What is **tubular reabsorption**?
From fluid into blood
## Footnote
This process allows the body to reclaim essential substances from the filtrate.
110
What is **tubular secretion**?
From blood into fluid
## Footnote
This process helps eliminate waste products and excess substances from the bloodstream.
111
What do the **peritubular capillaries** do?
Surround renal tubules and facilitate reabsorption and secretion
## Footnote
These capillaries are important for the exchange of substances between blood and nephron.
112
What does blood contain after **tubular reabsorption**?
Reabsorbed substances
## Footnote
This indicates the efficiency of the nephron in reclaiming valuable materials.
113
What are the main components of **normal urine**?
* Water
* Metabolic wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid)
* Ions
* Drugs
* Antibiotics
* Water soluble vitamins
## Footnote
Normal urine is primarily composed of these substances, reflecting the body's metabolic processes.
114
Normal urine should not contain **glucose** because it is an indicator of _______.
diabetes mellitus
## Footnote
Glucose in urine indicates that blood glucose levels are abnormally high and the quantity filtered cannot be completely reabsorbed.
115
The presence of **more than a trace amount of protein** in urine may indicate _______.
* high blood pressure
* kidney disease
* infection
## Footnote
Proteinuria can be a sign of various health issues, including kidney dysfunction.
116
The presence of **red blood cells** in urine is a sign of _______.
kidney disease
## Footnote
This indicates that the kidney filter is damaged.
117
The presence of **white blood cells** in urine suggests _______.
infection
## Footnote
White blood cells in urine typically indicate an immune response to an infection.
118
The presence of **bacteria or yeast** in urine is indicative of _______.
infection
## Footnote
The presence of these microorganisms suggests a urinary tract infection or other types of infections.
HS: bio prep
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
intro to a+p27
-
c+f of 11 principal systems of human body29
-
characteristics of living things60
-
HS: chem - building blocks of life157
-
cell structure and function208
-
tissues177
-
nervous system162
-
endocrine system133
-
medical terminology87
-
musculoskeletal system - bones177
-
cardiovascular system168
-
musculoskeletal system: joints78
-
musculoskeletal system: muscles78
-
lymphatic system92
-
respiratory system136
-
urinary system118
-
MS: NMJ/ muscle names+actions102
-
MS: muscles (o/i’s, location, action) + ligaments50
-
digestive system52
