menstruation

Question 1

Menstruation

Answer 1

shedding of the endometrium; no
fertilization of ovum

Question 2

menarche

Answer 2

first menstruation

Question 3

amenorrhea

Answer 3

absence of mestruation

primery:never had a mestraution

secondary: had it but stoped for period of time
-ex: weightloss

Question 4

Menstrual Cycle

Answer 4

• Regulated by fluctuating hormones
• Length: 21-36 days

* 4 phases( what are the hormons,ovaries and uteurs doing?)

Question 5

Menstrual Phases

Answer 5

1st Phase: Proliferative or Follicular Phase - less fertile
* Variable in length

2nd Phase: Ovulatory Phase

3rd Phase: Secretory or Luteal Phase
* 14 days

4th Phase: Menstrual Phase

Question 6

1st Phase: Proliferative or Follicular Phase

5-13 days

Answer 6

• the pituitary secretes relatively high levels of FSH.
• stimulate follicles in the
  ovaries.
• it signals one follicle in the ovaries to bring an egg to the final stage of maturity.
• At the same time, the
  follicle >+ estrogen

Question 7

2nd Phase: Ovulatory Phase

14 day

Answer 7

• **the follicle ruptures open, releasing the mature egg **
• • estrogen has risen to a high level, so - FSH
• • estrogen also > the hypothalamus to produce+ GnRH, which
    causes the pituitary to begin production of LH.
• A surge of LH triggers ovulation.

Question 8

3rd Phase: Secretory or Luteal Phase

15 to end of cycle (28)

Answer 8

After releasing an egg, the follicle, under stimulation of LH, > corpus luteum

. The corpus luteum > + progesterone, ,- LH

the corpus luteum degenerates.
- estrogen and - progesterone

• estrogen stimulate the pituitary > + FSH, and the whole cycle begins
  again.

Question 9

4th Phase: Menstrual Phase

Answer 9

menstruation is a
shedding (the endometrium), which then passes out through
the cervix and the vagina.

During this phase, **- estrogen **and - progesterone levels and are
**FSH levels are rising. **

Menstruation is triggered by the sharp decline in estrogen and
progesterone levels at the end of the luteal phase

Question 10

Hormonal Birth Control

Answer 10

The Combination Pill (Alesse, Yasmin, Tri Cyclen)

• Contains both estrogen & progestin (synthetic progesterone)
• hormones for 21 days, then no pill or sugar pill for 7 days
• Pill works by preventing ovulation
• Pill maintains more consistent hormone levels (i.e., no peak in
  estrogen, no ovulation)- confuses feedback loop

cervical mocouses thickes

Question 11

What are the recent
advancements in male birth
control?

Answer 11

• people drop out because of side effects
• acne,headcques,weight gains(similar to women)
• but for women pregancy is major issue but for men not so much

-gel blocker/vacine (not sergery vasectomy)

Question 12

Menstrual Problems: Dysmenorrhea

Answer 12

• pain or discomfort (typically cramps)

primary – no organic origin

**secondary ** – pain secondary to organic
problems (e.g., endometriosis, ovarian cysts,
etc.)

Question 13

cramps (uterine contractions)

Answer 13

from
prostaglandins

Question 14

Menstrual Problems:mastalgia

Answer 14

fluid retention; in breasts

Question 15

orgasm can help with mestruation pain

Answer 15

brings blood cutted of and increses endorphines

Question 16

endometriousis

Answer 16

Endometriosis occurs when the endometrial tissue grows in a place other than the uterus—for example, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, rectum, bladder, vagina, vulva,
cervix, or lymph glands

Question 17

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Answer 17

• physiological/psychological symptoms present
  4-6 days before period begins, may persist into menstrual phase
• Controversy
  -200 symptoms?!(not one definition)
  -maybe psm dosnt exists
  -is it cultural?
• DSM-5-TR: Premenstrual Dysphoric
  Disorder

Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles

Question 18

PMDD

Answer 18

1.8% - 5.8% of menstruation

Question 19

PMDD Controversy: Callaghan et al. (2008)

Answer 19

• Pathologizes menstruation
• Appropriateness of sex-specific diagnostic criteria
• Study found that 4.1% of men and 8.0% of women met

Question 20

Diagnostic Issues

Answer 20

DSM-5 requires “prospective daily rating during at least two
symptomatic cycles”

Retrospective and Prospective diagnostic tools are
available

Clinical utility?(not always doing the diary daily just recalling which is faulty)

Question 21

Role of Culture in PMDD

Answer 21

Exposure to American culture

Prevalence of PMDD in the USA in Black women vs. White women

• black women have less pmdd diagnosis

Prevalence of PMDD in Japanese women

-does not appear in japanese women?

Question 22

Moon Time

Answer 22

For many Indigenous communities, moon cycle (menstrual cycle) is a gift to women

*Time for renewal and reflection

*Time to cleanse and purify
yourself spiritually, mentally,
physically

*Women on moon time are
powerful and intuitive