Research Methods & Theoretical Perspectives.

Question 1

Do men really think about sex more than
women?

Answer 1

telling counter (press whenever u think about sex)

result:yes

but….

this difference was also found that they though more about sleep and food

Question 2

What’s up with our primal inclination toward novelty and lust being in direct contrast with societal inclinations toward monogamy?

Question 3

Self-Expansion

Answer 3

1. People want to expand their experiences and extend their identities
2. This desire for expansion helps explain why we enter into relationships with others
3. A relationship is successful when it expands both partner’s identities (not when people lose their identity); relationships stagnate when
   expansion stops (infidelity?)

Question 4

Goals of Sex Research

Answer 4

• Basic knowledge
• Understanding to influence behaviour
• Understanding to inform public policy(laws)
• Provides facts that inform personal decisions/opinions

Question 5

Research Methods

Answer 5

• sample should represent the population
  -Random sample
• Generalization
• Selection/volunteer bias

Question 6

Ethical Principles

Answer 6

Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans
-they decide if the study will go on

protect human dignity:
Protection from harm; cost-benefit analysis
* Confidentiality/anonymity

Informed consent

debrifing

Tuskegee Study - sephilis study, black people (with low income) were injected with the virus to learn how it progresses but they did not get medice afterwards,have coercing incetives

Question 7

Methods of Research

Answer 7

• Surveys
  -Self Report
  * Qualitative Methods
  -Direct Observation
  -Content Analysis (Media)
• Experimental Designs

Question 8

Survey Methods

Answer 8

* Questionnaire vs Interview

• Problems associated with self-report
  -Purposeful distortion, social desirability
  -Ability to estimate
  -Faulty memory
  -Interpreting the question - important to be very specific
• **Cross-sectional: ** we dont know what is causing what cant prove causation but u can use it to make hipothasesis

Question 9

Defining Sex

Answer 9

Sex
* assigned sex at birth

• sexual behaviour:
   may include genital and non-
  genital sexual expression

 may, or may not, include sexual
arousal and orgasm

• context

Question 10

Survey large scale

Answer 10

• Kinsey survey:
  -interviews
  -sexual behaviours
  -non-judgmental questions
  -sample was not random but students(not very generalizable)

* NHSLS
-1994
-interviews and written servey
-18-59old

* NSSHB
-biggest and most recent sex servey
-14-94old
-random sampling of american public

• British National surveys
  -once in 10 and 10 years
  -large scale sex servey
• Canada?
  -canada dosnt have a big scale sex servey
  -usually use american serveys(not really good do it)

Question 11

Canadian Surveys

Answer 11

Canada Youth Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Study
(Boyce et al., 2002)

• Students in grades 7, 9, 11
• 23% boys, 19% of girls in grade 9
• 40% of boys, 46% of girls in grade 11

kids werent as sexually active as in the 90’s

• some school or parents would not allow
• some people just didnt want to do it

Question 12

Canadian Community Health
Survey (Rotermann, 2012)

Answer 12

Examined sexual health behaviour of youth ages 15-24 during two time periods (2009/2010 and compared to
2003 data)

• 66% of youth aged 15-24 had sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal) at least one time (consistent with 2003)
• 30% of teens age 15-17, 68% of teens ages 18-19, and
  85% of youth aged 20-24 had sexual intercourse at least
  one time (consistent with 2003 data)

Question 13

2014 Health Behaviour in School-
Aged Children Study

Answer 13

grade 10 students

found that from 2002 to 2014 sexual intercourse within that grade was pretty consistent

Question 14

BC Adolescent Health Survey
(McCreary Centre Society, 2018

Answer 14

• 30,000 grade 7 to 12 students completed the survey,
  compared to 2008 data
• 19% of students reported ever having intercourse
  (compared to 24% in 2008)
  -3% of 13-year-olds
  -16% of 15-year-olds
  -39% of 17-year-olds
• 23% reported ever having had oral sex (compared to
  26% in 2008)

this serveyed showed that teens that had a good relationship with school and parents had generally less sex(oral or otherwize)

Question 15

genereally

Answer 15

kids are having less sexs then previous years

Question 16

teen pregancy

Answer 16

is going down and contraceptive use going up along time

Question 17

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Method

Answer 17

Quantitative research – responses are quantified and
given numerical values
(numbers- statistics)
vs

• Qualitative research – results are conveyed with words; make sense of experiences in terms of meanings
  people give to them
  (words)

Question 18

qualitive vs quantative questions

Answer 18

qualitative: how does an orgasm feel?

quantati: how many times did u have orgasms in your life?

Question 19

Qualitative Methods

Answer 19

• Intensive investigation of a small group of individuals(a lot of information gathered)
• Interviews
• Problems -small sample
• e.g. Lewis & Maticka-Tyndale’s (1998) study of exotic
  dancers N = 30

-not random sample
-open-ended answers
results: main goal for money ( one group: temporarley),(the other group:career dancers-more drug use,and sex with costumers))

Question 20

Direct Observation

Answer 20

Participant observation
* Observation in semi-public settings

Eye tracking(participant put an eye tracking machine)

Biological Measures
-Penile plethysmography - measures erection
-Vaginal plethysmography- mesures blood flow/sexual arousal
-Thermography- mesures heat and blood flow/arousal

Laboratory observation
* Advantages:
- Collect data where and when an event or activity is occurring
-dont relly on people given information which can prevent from them tempering with the information

Problems:
-not natural
-behaviour can change due to the fact you are being observed
-hard to make people come to the labs
-costly

Question 21

Media Content Analysis

Answer 21

megazines,tv,lyric,books,movies

1. decide what type of media
2. cooding protocal - way to code all that information

Question 22

Experimental Research

Answer 22

all variables stay the same except the variable we want to mesure

Random assignment:
* experimental group
* control group

• Independent variables
• Dependent variables:one mesured
• most in laboratory
• Advantages
  -it gives causality
• Problems
  -not normal
  -cant answer all questions specially experience based one

Question 23

Pseudoscience

Answer 23

• Reader’s surveys in magazines

make small findings bigger then they are

Question 24

Media Example

Answer 24

Goldsmith, Dunkley, Dang, & Gorzalka (2016)

Pornography & sexual insecurities

• Body-related cognitive distractions
• Performance-related cognitive distractions
• Expectations for partner performance
• Expectations for partner attractiveness
• Genital self image

correlational study

result:small correlation , cant talk about causality