STIs

Question 1

Chlamydia

bacterial

Answer 1

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• The most prevalent bacterial STI in Canada
• Rates have been rising steadily since 1997

Question 1

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Answer 1

• Canadian community health survey (2013-2014):
• 19% of women, 12% of men
• Highest rates among young adults
• it has been increasing (partially because of better testing,decrese on condom use by man and bisexual man)
• Most common STIs among university students:
  chlamydia, HPV, and herpes
• 2 Major categories:
• Bacterial(can be cured)
• Viral(cannot be cured)

Question 2

Chlamydia

Answer 2

Symptoms:

• Penises = 50% asymptomatic, thin, clear discharge, mild discomfort on urination
• Diagnosis = urine sample
• Vaginas = 75% asymptomatic, abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, burning, pain with urination
• Diagnosis = urine sample or vaginal swab
• Consequences if left untreated: Pelvic inflammatory Disease(for women), Epididymitis (for men) - not as severe

both can result in infertility

-is increasing

Question 3

Gonorrhea

bacterial

Answer 3

The oldest of the sexual diseases
* Venereal disease

• Caused by gonococcus bacteria

Answer 4

Symptoms:
* Penises = white puslike discharge from urethra
Diagnosis = Urine test

• Vaginas = usually no symptoms
• infacts the cervex,fallopian tube
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
  Diagnosis = Urine test & pelvic exam
• Treatment:
• Antibiotics
• Consequences: infection can happen in the mouth,eyes,rectum and genitelia. can infect the blader and even blood stream

-is declining

Question 5

Syphilis

bacterial

Answer 5

• Fairly uncommon now
• 2012 = 2003 new cases in Canada
• 2018 = 6311 new cases in Canada (slightly increasing)

Symptoms:
* Chancre: ulcer like lission resemble a craner thats how it enters the body

-it can be in the genitelia,mouth or rectum or hand

-is painless

-3 weeks after exposed

consequeces if left untreated:
* can impact the nervous system
* lead to death

Question 6

Syphilis

Answer 6

• 4 stages:

Primary stage
* chancre(it goes away by itself)

Secondary stage
* body rash: dosent hurt (goes away)

Latent syphilis
* it can last years

• no symptom
• the bacteria is going through tissues of the body brain,spinel cord,bones
• not able to pass on anybody anymore (except pregnant women can pass on to the fetus)
• half of the people would stay in this stage their whole lifes the other half would go to the next stage

Late syphilis(serious affects)
* major effects in the cardio vascular system: heart and major blood vessels are attacked by the bacteria

• brain and spinal cord can be attacked which can produce cognitive issues
• 40 years after the initial infaction occurs

Congenital Syphilis:
* present from birth
* can cause miscarrage
* severe illness after birth
* can cause complication that show up 10 to 20 years later

Question 7

Syphilis

Answer 7

Diagnosis:
* Difficult to diagnose(the chanquer is not always apperant and the rash can appear to be something else)

• Genital or pelvic exam, full body exam, blood tests

Treatment:
* Penicillin shot

Question 8

HPV: Human papillomavirus

virus

Answer 8

• More than 40 different types that cause genital warts & cancer
• Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts are associated with cancer
• Non-reportable, so no national Canadian data:

physicians dont need to send a report to bc center desease control so is difficult to know the actual rates are

Question 9

HPV

Answer 9

Symptoms:
* 90% asymptomatic
* Genital warts appearing on the genitals - most go away

Diagnosis:
* Inspection of the warts

Treatment:
* Creams, freezing

even if u dont have warts you still can carry and spread HPV

it can become undetective after 2 years

even if u are treated from one u can still have from other streams

Question 10

Can you get warts in your mouth from
HPV?

Answer 10

yes u can

it can be transmitted by oral sex or kissing not very common

hpv also relates to cancer in throat and mouth not only in the genitals

Question 11

HPV and vaccacine

Answer 11

• Gardasil
• Protect against 9 types of HPV

safe from 9 to 25

safe from 9 to 28

Question 12

Herpes

virus

Answer 12

Herpes simplex virus

• HSV-1 (mouth) and HSV-2 (genitals ) bouth causes blisters - but they can be in either places
• 16% of women, 11% of men
• 47 % HSV1
• Non-reportable, so no national Canadian data

Question 13

Herpes

Answer 13

Symptoms:

• Small, painful blisters on the genitals (penius or valvas)
• Most contagious and hurtfull during an active outbreak of the blister
• is also contegious not during outbreaks

Treatment:

• No cure
• Drugs like Valtrex can reduce frequency of outbreaks and make
  transmission less likely

Question 14

Psychological Impact of Herpes

Answer 14

Range of responses:

• STI-related stigma - awarness that people that contract sti are judged negatively
• STI-related shame- negatively judgeging themselves from having stis
• Better outcomes for those who have fewer outbreaks
• Foster & Byers (2016)
  -people with more self-estigma and self-blame is associated with poorer outcomes

-most people are able to ajdjust pretty well after getting a diagnose , with a healthy sexual life

Question 15

HIV & AIDS

virus

Answer 15

Origin: virus crossed from primets to humans most likely when people butchered primats for meat, they might have cutted themselves and in the process the virus got in the bloodstream

• 1981 – first identified in USA
• 1982 – first case in Canada
• 1984 – HIV was identified
• Currently – a global pandemic
  -most people dont know they are infected

-72% accurse in africa

• Only 46% have access to treatmen
• there are 2 streams of HIV (HIV 1 more in north america, HIV2 in africa)
• demages the imune system

Question 16

Transmission:

Answer 16

• Exchange of bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk)

In Canada new cases in the following groups:

• Men who have sex with men (54%)
• Heterosexuals who have sex with infected person (19%)
• Heterosexuals who came from AIDs epidemic country (14%)
• People who inject drugs (13%)

Highest risk behaviours:
* Anal intercourse
* Vaginal intercourse

because they are most likely to cause tearing and allow the virus to infect the blood stream of the other person

Question 17

4 stages of HIV infection:

Answer 17

1. Primary/acute infection – 2-4 weeks after exposure; nonspecific symptoms (like a flue) or no symptoms
2. Chronic asymptomatic infection – virus replication; nonspecific symptoms(fever,swolen nose) or no symptoms
3. Chronic symptomatic HIV infection – virus has reduced T4 cells, body is not able to fight off infections; non-specific symptoms(fever,yeast infection,weight loss)
4. AIDS-defining conditions – life threatening opportunistic infections take over
   (pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma - skin cancer)

Question 18

Diagnose and treatment

Answer 18

Diagnosis – blood test:
* ELISA: tests antibodies (some false positive)

• Western blot (rare false positives)
• Rapid 60 second test
• Home test kit(not as reliable)

Treatment

• No cure
• HAART: antiviral drugs -supress the virus and if u take it right can live for 20 years but causes a lot of side effects
• Adherance

Question 19

Psychological Impact of HIV/AIDS

Answer 19

• Socially stigmatized disease
• Depression
• Impact on sexual life(afraid to pass to others)

Question 20

HIV & AIDS

Answer 20

• Challenges in developing vaccine(HIV has many forms)
• Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP): antiviral for protection, stops the viral from spreding through the bodies (what caio takes)
• Genetic resistance: some gene mutation. jus 1% have this and 10% of europeans maybe because they survevide the berbalutic plague

Question 21

Trichomoniasis

parasites

Answer 21

• “Trich”
• can survive in surfaces like toilet seats(not very common to be transefered this way)
• Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
• Symptoms:
• Vaginas = vaginal discharge
• Penises =** irritation of the urethra, discharge**

often not sintemetic

• Diagnosis:
• Urine sample or sample of vaginal fluid
• Treatment:
• Metronidazole or tinidazole

Question 22

Pubic Lice: crabs

parasite

Answer 22

can be spreed during sex, badsheets and hard surfaces

Symptoms:
* Intense itching

Diagnosis:
* Find lice & eggs

• Treatment:
  * Nix, Rid(things that kills lice)

Question 23

Reportable STIs

Answer 23

when u go to the physician they will let the public health know so they can track how is spreding in the population. the doctor needs to let the partners know they might have the deasses

• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• Chlamydia
• HIV

why these ones?
* is not curable
* might cause infertility
* it might cause pelvic infection

who dont need to

• herpeas
• HPV

Question 24

Prevention

Answer 24

* Latex condoms(not perfect blisters from HPV can be in other parts of the body) * Dental dams (might touch other areas not protected by the dam) * Washing genitals before sexual activity (helps kill bacteria but does not do much for sti) * Urinating before and after (is good to kill bacterias but not necessarly stis) best to: get regurlaly tested and approch using condom and how to respond if they want to do it without it.