Methods

Question 1

what is the main method used to find and prove causality>

Answer 1

experiments

Question 2

between-subjects

Answer 2

a different group of subjects is tested under each condition

Question 3

within sujects

Answer 3

the same group is tested under both conditions

Question 4

confound variables

Answer 4

variables that take away credibility from ur study

Question 5

what is experimenter expectancy effect and how can we fight it?

Answer 5

–> confirmation bias (expecting results)
–> use double-blind design

Question 6

3 types of non-experimental studies

Answer 6

• descriptive
• correlational
• quasi-experiments

Question 7

quasi experiments

Answer 7

Used when the psychologist cannot use the experimental method to answer the questions of interest, often bc of ethical reasons
–> divide the sample based on previous existing conditions, syndromes, lived experiences etc

Question 8

what is internal validity?

Answer 8

The extent to which you’re able to say that no other variables other than the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable
–> high internal validity = less confounds

Question 9

what is the best way to ensure internal validity?

Answer 9

have a control group that is similar to the experiment group, lacking the investigated independent variable

Question 10

what is external validity?

Answer 10

The extent to which the results of a study are generalizable to other situations or groups

Question 11

what are 3 factors that can lead to good sampling?

Answer 11

• sample being representative of the larger population of interest
• sample is large enough to impart adequate statistical power
• exclusion criteria should relate to the question of interest