Bio 459 - Diseases > Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 2) Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What are 3 examples of vectors?

A
  1. Fleas
  2. Ticks
  3. Mosquitos
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2
Q

What are 2 general methods of transmitting diseases?

A
  1. Mechanical transmission

2. Biological transmission

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3
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

Anthropod carries pathogen on its feet

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4
Q

Biological transmission

A

Pathogen reduces in the vector

- transmitted through bites or feces

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5
Q

HAI

A

Healthcare Associated Infections

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6
Q

Where do you get a HAI?

A

Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility

  • nosoinfection
  • noso = disease
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7
Q

What does HAI result from? (3)

A
  1. microorganisms in the hospital environment
  2. Weakened status of the host
    - weakened immune system
  3. Chain of transmission in a hospital
    - eg) needles
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8
Q

Compromised host

A

An individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy of burns

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of microorganisms involved in HAI?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Clastridium difficile
  3. Enterococcus spp.
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10
Q

What are 4 ways of reducing pathogens?

A
  1. Hand washing
  2. Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
  3. Cleaning instruments scrupulously
  4. Using disposable bandages and intubation
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11
Q

What is the downside to controlling HAI?

A

It generates a lot of waste

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12
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Diseases that are new, increase in incidence or showing a potential to increase in the near future

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13
Q

What are most types of emerging infectious diseases? (2)

A

Most are zoonotic and vector borne

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14
Q

Re-emerging disease

A

Are infectious diseases that once were major health problems globally and then decreased dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant portion of the population

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of a re-emerging disease?

A
  1. TB

2. Malaria

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16
Q

How are re-emerging diseases likely passed on?

A

Through a vector

- eg) a bite from a tick or insect

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17
Q

What are 8 contributing factors to re-emerging diseases?

A
  1. Genetic recombination
    - E.coli O157 and avian flu (H5N1)
  2. Evolution of new strains
    - vibrio cholerae O139
  3. Widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides
    - antibiotic resistant strains like TB
  4. Changes in weather patterns
    - hantavirus
  5. Modern transportation
    - chikungunya and west nile virus; both were introduced to be who came by planes
  6. Ecological disasters, war and expanding human settlement
    - coccidioidomycosis (fungal infection)
  7. Animal control measure
    - lyme disease (ticks to humans)
  8. Public health failure
    - diphtheria which is a re-emerging disease
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18
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of where and when disease occur and how they are transmitted in a population

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19
Q

What do epidemiologists do? (4)

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A
  1. Determine etiology of a disease
  2. Identify other important factors concerning the spread of diseases
  3. Develop methods for controlling a disease
  4. Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of diseases
20
Q

John Snow

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A

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London

- 1848 - 1849

21
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

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A

Showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of peurperal sepsis, which helped control the outbreaks
- 1846 - 1848

22
Q

Florence Nightingale

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A

Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus

23
Q

What does an increase in lyme disease suggest?

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A

Transmission through a vector

24
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

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A

Collection and analysis of data

- Snow

25
Analytical epidemiology
Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause - Nightingale
26
Experimental epidemiology
Involves a hypothesis and a controlled environment - Semmelweis - eg) hand washing experiment
27
What does the centres for disease control and prevention do?
Collects and analyzes epidemiological info in the US
28
Morbitity
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
29
Mortality
Deaths from notifiable diseases
30
Notifiable infectious disease
Diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrences
31
Morbidity rate
The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time period
32
Mortality rate
The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given disease
33
What are 4 basic techniques in molecular biology?
1. PCR 2. Hybridization 3. Cloning 4. DNA sequencing
34
PCR
Is a technique used to amplify a segment of DNA
35
What are the 3 phases of PCR?
1. Denaturation of the double stranded DNA into single stranded molecules 2. Annealing of the primers to the specific area of interest 3. Extension phase (amplification)
36
Hybridization
Is a technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences - is typically used to determine the genetic differences between 2 organisms
37
What are the 5 phases of hybridization?
1. Cells from the specimen affixed to filter 2. Lyse cells and generate single stranded target DNA 3. Add reporter labeled probe; allowing for re-annealing to target 4. Measure hybridization directly if reporter is radioactive or fluorescent - add enzyme to substrate if reporter is an enzyme - whatever is bound to the membrane is what will be read 5. Detection - radioactivity detector - fluorimeter - colorimeter/ visual inspection
38
Cloning
Is a technique that the lab processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent - uses a vector insertion
39
What are the 3 different types of cloning?
1. Gene cloning 2. Reproductive cloning 3. Therapeutic cloning
40
Why do we clone?
To be able to understand more about the function of particular genes - good for tracking
41
What does cloning require?
A vector
42
Vector
A plasmid DNA used as a tool to make more copies of or produce a protein from a certain gene
43
DNA sequencing
Is a process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule - you have multiple sequences to allow for less error
44
What do you need in DNA sequencing?
A radioactive primer | - typically uses radioactive P32
45
Primer
Is a short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis
46
What happens to the reaction products in DNA sequencing?
They are separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and identified by autoradiography - it generates fragments of different size
Bio 459 - Diseases
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